clinic theory Flashcards
4 cardinal ssx for cervical instability are:
4 risk factors for cervical instability are:
- overt loss of balance in relation to head movements
- facial lip paraesthesia reproduced by active or passive neck movements
- bilateral or quadrilateral limb paraesthesia either constant or reporduced by neck movements
- Nystagmus produced by active or passive neck movements
- trauma
- down syndrome
- RA
- AS
historical ssx of CAD include:
acute onset unilateral cervical spine pain
acute onset occipital, frontal, supraorbital or temporal HA
hx migraine, current hx migraine, family hx migraine
hx c spine trauma
tinnitus
hx HTN, risk factors for CAD
UL or LL neuro sympts and ataxia
URT or LRT infection past week
signs of an upper motor neuron disease include:
hyperreflexia, spasticity, clonus, babinski sign
2 structures anatomically relevant to cervical instability:
2 orthopaedic tests that test these structures::
odontoid process and transverse atlantal ligament
alar ligament tests (alar ligaments) and shapr-purser test (transverse lig)
neurogenic claudication is usually caused by _ , is aggravated by _ and relieved by _
lumbar spinal stenosis
walking/extension
flexion (sitting, bending forward, recumbent position)
what is normal pulse rate?
what is normal BP?
what is normal temperature?
what is normal RR?
PR=60-80bpm
BP=90/60-140/90; optimal 120/80
temperature=36.5-37.2 degrees c
RR=12-20bpm
list the 5 steps of the respiratory examination which are conducted posteriorly then anteriorly
- general observation (breathing, inspiratory contractions, general state of patient, shape of chest)
- inspection (look for scars ant)
- palpation (tender areas, respiratory expansion rib 10, position of trachea, tactile fremitus 4 post, 3 ant)
- percussion (IC spaces; 8 post, 7 ant; diaphragm descent)
- auscultation
5 indications to conduct respiratory examination:
chest pain SOB (dyspnoea) wheezing cough haemoptysis
list some indications and risk factors that indicate a cardiovascular examination is indicated:
SOB (dyspnoea), orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, palpitations, chest pain, swelling.odema, fatigue, dizziness
fam hx premature CVD, poor diet, hyperlipidemia, smoking, HTN, DM, obesity, sedentary, increasing age, kidney disease, stress, autoimmune and chronic inflammaotry diseases e.g. RA
what are the 5 components of the CV examination?
- observation: central and peripheral
- palpate: pulse rate, carotid pulse, limbs
- BP
- JVP
- heart: observe, palpate, and auscultate
palpated bounding in the carotid artery or heart may indicate
bruits may indicate:
murmurs are, and indicate:
aortic insufficiency
turbulent blood flow-atherosclerotic narrowing (increases chance of stroke)
turbulent blood flow in heart; stenosis or regurgitation
elevated JVP indicates
decreased JVP indicates
right sided heart failure, Cor Pulmonale
hypovolemia from dehydration or GI bleeding
list some ssx indicating a peripheral vascular examination needs to take place
abdominal, back, or flank pain (older M smokers-AAA)
intermittent claudication (ischemia with exertion, relieved by rest)
cold, numbness, pallor in legs, hair loss
colour change in fingertips or toes in cold weather (PAD, Raynauds)
swelling in calves, legs or feet (DVT)
swelling with redness or tenderness (DVT, PVD)
list the components of the peripheral vascular examination
general observation inspect periphery for changes BP in both arms palpate carotid artery, auscultate for bruits auscultate heart, renal and femoral arteries palpate aortic diameter palpate extremity pulses, temperature perform the Allen test
hyporeflexia may be a result of?
hyperreflexia may be a result of?
hypo=peripheral nerve or nerve root pathology, or LMN disease
hyper=UMN lesion (inhibitory factors have been removed)
