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TCA & Some Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is

A

Energy storage molecule

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2
Q

Why is ATP such a good energy storage molecule?

A

Due to the phosphate groups.

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3
Q

Why do reactions occur in small controlled steps to transfer energy to carrier molecule?

A

so we dont lose energy as heat

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4
Q

Hydrolysis reactions are used when

A

you break phosphate bonds

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5
Q

Catabolic Pathways

A

breaking bonds

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6
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

make bonds

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7
Q

How does the cell store energy?

A

Chemical bonds, chemical concentration gradient, electrical concentration gradient and electrochemical gradients

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8
Q

Thermodynamics

A

study of the relationship between free energy, heat and disorder in a system

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9
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, just converted from one form to another

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10
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Within an isolated system disorder is always increasing

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11
Q

Entropy (S)

A

amount of disorder in the system

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12
Q

T/F: Energy is not required to restore order in a system

A

False, energy IS required

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13
Q

Increasing Disorder has a _____ delta S and decreasing disorder has a ____ delta S

A

+;-

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14
Q

Free energy

A

amount of energy available to do work; G

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15
Q

T/F: All reactions have a change in free energy

A

TRUE

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16
Q

When energy is consumed there is a _____ delta G.

A

Positive

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17
Q

Endergonic Rxn

A

energy consumed; +delta G

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18
Q

Exergonic Rxn

A

energy released; - delta G

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19
Q

Enthalpy

A

heat content of a reacting system

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20
Q

Exothermic Rxn

A

releases heat and has a negative delta G

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21
Q

Endothermic Rxn

A

Put in or consume heat; positive delta G

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22
Q

dG= dH-TdS

A

relationship between G, H, S

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23
Q

When are reactions favorable?

A

when they are spontaneous; delta G is negative

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24
Q

When delta G is positive a reaction is or is not spontaneous

A

is not

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25
If enthalpy is decreasing and entropy is increasing the reaction will be:
favorable
26
Condensation Rxn are energetically_______
un-favorable
27
Hydrolysis Rxn are energetically ______
favorable
28
Overall, you always want delta G to be?
negative
29
Why might carbs be a better fuel than lipids?
Body can breakdown carbs faster
30
RNA is more/less reactive
more
31
RNA is produced
when conditions require them to be produced
32
Energy from ________ reactions is used for _______ reactions
catabolic; anabolic
33
Are our bodies an isolated system?
No
34
Which is more disordered?10 nucleotides or 10 nucleotides assembled into DNA?
10 nucleotides
35
Combining 10 nucleotides into a polymer is spontaneous or nonspontaneous
nonspontaneous
36
Are reactions involving the assembly of polymers usually condensation rxn or hydrolysis rxn?
condensation
37
In some reactions, the standard free energy is positive, but the reaction is favorable in the cell. How could this occur?
Concentrations can vary.
38
What characteristics are true of a reaction at equilibrium?
Delta G=0Rate of forward reaction=rate of backward reactionratio of reactants to products is constant
39
Triagylcerol is made of:
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
40
Triacygycerol is mainly used for:
energy storage
41
Is Triacylglycerol unsaturated or saturated?
Both
42
How can we determine delta G:
dG=dGnot + RTlog(products/reactants)
43
Delta G not is:
the change in free energy under specific conditions in the cell
44
Is equilibrium the same in the presence and absence of an enzyme?
Yes!
45
Metabolic Pathways are composed of:
molecules and enzymes that are involved in a series of chemical reactions required for the cell to grow, survive, and reproduce.
46
Enzymes _______ reactions.
Catalyze or accelerate
47
How does enzymes catalyze reactions?
by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. they dont change the overall delta G
48
What needs to be overcome to proceed?
activation energy
49
In catalysis, are both reactions accelerated to the same degree?
Yes.
50
Oxidation is the ______ of electrons. Reduction is the ______ of electrons.
Loss; Gain
51
NAD+/NADHwhich is oxidized?
NAD
52
FAD/FADH2which is reduced?
FADH2
53
Out of the following, which would be considered the most oxidized? 1. CH42. CO23. CH3OH4. C2H4
CO2
54
What do activated carriers do?
store energy until it is ready to be used
55
What is the most abundant activated carrier?
ATP, because of phophoanhydride bonds
56
Breakage of phosphanhydride bonds eliminates what?
Repulsion between negative charges
57
Acetyl CoA
high energy bond is present that can be broken to provide energy for another reaction
58
Thioester bond is between
CH3CO--S
59
Amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars are processed through a number of steps to yeild the energy storage molecule:
ATP
60
Citric acid cycle is also called
krebs cycle
61
where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotes?
mitochondria
62
In the citric acid cycle, what must first happen to the pyruvate from glycolysis?
It has to be made into acetyl-CoA
63
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase happens in
mitochondrial nucleus
64
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Complex of 3 enzymes that catalyze 5 reactions, located in mitochondrial matrix
65
Complex 1 in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase:
remove one carbon from pyruvate
66
Complex 2 in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase:
transfer of two carbons to CoA
67
Complex 3 in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase:
making sure reaction can continue to occur
68
Overall Energy Carrier Production from 1 acetyl-CoA (x2 for each glucose)
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP
69
What is Step 1 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Name: Citrate SynthaseWhat Happens: Hydrolysis of high energy thioester bond in Acetyl-CoA, making reaction favorable
70
What is Step 2 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Name: AconitaseWhat Happens: Isomerization of citrate
71
What is Step 3 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Name: Isocitrate dehydrogenaseWhat Happens: first of four oxidation stepsYields: CO2 and NADH
72
What is Step 4 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Name: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexWhat Happens: second of four oxidation stepsYields: NADH, CO2, and compound with high energy thioester bond
73
What is Step 5 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Name: Succinyl-CoA synthetaseWhat Happens: phosphate displaces CoA to make high energy intermediate. Phosphate is passed to GDP to make GTP
74
What is Step 6 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Name: Succinate dehydrogenaseWhat Happens: third of four oxidation stepsYields: FADH2
75
What is Step 7 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Name: FumaraseWhat Happens: hydration reaction (add H2O)
76
What is Step 8 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Name: Malate dehydrogenaseWhat Happens: fourth oxidation rxn; oxalacetate regenerationYield: oxaloacetate
77
Citric Acid Cycle
Series of Eight Rxn; regenerates oxaloacetate, releases 2 CO2, requires O2 for regeneration of NAD+ and FAD
78
Where does lactate excretion occur?
Skeletal muscle
79
How do products from glycolysis enter the citric acid cycle?
Pyruvate must be processed to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondrial matrix in order for products to enter the citric acid cycle
80
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
Mitochondrial Matrix
81
Which steps are redox in the Krebs cycle?
3, 4, 6, & 8
82
What are the net products of the citric acid cycle?
For each acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle, 3 NADH, 3H+, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2.
83
What is regenerated in the final step of the citric acid cycle that keeps the cycle going?
Oxaloacetate

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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