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TCA & Some Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is

A

Energy storage molecule

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2
Q

Why is ATP such a good energy storage molecule?

A

Due to the phosphate groups.

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3
Q

Why do reactions occur in small controlled steps to transfer energy to carrier molecule?

A

so we dont lose energy as heat

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4
Q

Hydrolysis reactions are used when

A

you break phosphate bonds

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5
Q

Catabolic Pathways

A

breaking bonds

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6
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

make bonds

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7
Q

How does the cell store energy?

A

Chemical bonds, chemical concentration gradient, electrical concentration gradient and electrochemical gradients

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8
Q

Thermodynamics

A

study of the relationship between free energy, heat and disorder in a system

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9
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, just converted from one form to another

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10
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Within an isolated system disorder is always increasing

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11
Q

Entropy (S)

A

amount of disorder in the system

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12
Q

T/F: Energy is not required to restore order in a system

A

False, energy IS required

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13
Q

Increasing Disorder has a _____ delta S and decreasing disorder has a ____ delta S

A

+;-

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14
Q

Free energy

A

amount of energy available to do work; G

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15
Q

T/F: All reactions have a change in free energy

A

TRUE

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16
Q

When energy is consumed there is a _____ delta G.

A

Positive

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17
Q

Endergonic Rxn

A

energy consumed; +delta G

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18
Q

Exergonic Rxn

A

energy released; - delta G

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19
Q

Enthalpy

A

heat content of a reacting system

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20
Q

Exothermic Rxn

A

releases heat and has a negative delta G

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21
Q

Endothermic Rxn

A

Put in or consume heat; positive delta G

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22
Q

dG= dH-TdS

A

relationship between G, H, S

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23
Q

When are reactions favorable?

A

when they are spontaneous; delta G is negative

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24
Q

When delta G is positive a reaction is or is not spontaneous

A

is not

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25
Q

If enthalpy is decreasing and entropy is increasing the reaction will be:

A

favorable

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26
Q

Condensation Rxn are energetically_______

A

un-favorable

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27
Q

Hydrolysis Rxn are energetically ______

A

favorable

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28
Q

Overall, you always want delta G to be?

A

negative

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29
Q

Why might carbs be a better fuel than lipids?

A

Body can breakdown carbs faster

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30
Q

RNA is more/less reactive

A

more

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31
Q

RNA is produced

A

when conditions require them to be produced

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32
Q

Energy from ________ reactions is used for _______ reactions

A

catabolic; anabolic

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33
Q

Are our bodies an isolated system?

A

No

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34
Q

Which is more disordered?10 nucleotides or 10 nucleotides assembled into DNA?

A

10 nucleotides

35
Q

Combining 10 nucleotides into a polymer is spontaneous or nonspontaneous

A

nonspontaneous

36
Q

Are reactions involving the assembly of polymers usually condensation rxn or hydrolysis rxn?

A

condensation

37
Q

In some reactions, the standard free energy is positive, but the reaction is favorable in the cell. How could this occur?

A

Concentrations can vary.

38
Q

What characteristics are true of a reaction at equilibrium?

A

Delta G=0Rate of forward reaction=rate of backward reactionratio of reactants to products is constant

39
Q

Triagylcerol is made of:

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

40
Q

Triacygycerol is mainly used for:

A

energy storage

41
Q

Is Triacylglycerol unsaturated or saturated?

42
Q

How can we determine delta G:

A

dG=dGnot + RTlog(products/reactants)

43
Q

Delta G not is:

A

the change in free energy under specific conditions in the cell

44
Q

Is equilibrium the same in the presence and absence of an enzyme?

45
Q

Metabolic Pathways are composed of:

A

molecules and enzymes that are involved in a series of chemical reactions required for the cell to grow, survive, and reproduce.

46
Q

Enzymes _______ reactions.

A

Catalyze or accelerate

47
Q

How does enzymes catalyze reactions?

A

by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. they dont change the overall delta G

48
Q

What needs to be overcome to proceed?

A

activation energy

49
Q

In catalysis, are both reactions accelerated to the same degree?

50
Q

Oxidation is the ______ of electrons. Reduction is the ______ of electrons.

A

Loss; Gain

51
Q

NAD+/NADHwhich is oxidized?

52
Q

FAD/FADH2which is reduced?

53
Q

Out of the following, which would be considered the most oxidized? 1. CH42. CO23. CH3OH4. C2H4

54
Q

What do activated carriers do?

A

store energy until it is ready to be used

55
Q

What is the most abundant activated carrier?

A

ATP, because of phophoanhydride bonds

56
Q

Breakage of phosphanhydride bonds eliminates what?

A

Repulsion between negative charges

57
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

high energy bond is present that can be broken to provide energy for another reaction

58
Q

Thioester bond is between

59
Q

Amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars are processed through a number of steps to yeild the energy storage molecule:

60
Q

Citric acid cycle is also called

A

krebs cycle

61
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A

mitochondria

62
Q

In the citric acid cycle, what must first happen to the pyruvate from glycolysis?

A

It has to be made into acetyl-CoA

63
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase happens in

A

mitochondrial nucleus

64
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

A

Complex of 3 enzymes that catalyze 5 reactions, located in mitochondrial matrix

65
Q

Complex 1 in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase:

A

remove one carbon from pyruvate

66
Q

Complex 2 in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase:

A

transfer of two carbons to CoA

67
Q

Complex 3 in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase:

A

making sure reaction can continue to occur

68
Q

Overall Energy Carrier Production from 1 acetyl-CoA (x2 for each glucose)

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP

69
Q

What is Step 1 in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Name: Citrate SynthaseWhat Happens: Hydrolysis of high energy thioester bond in Acetyl-CoA, making reaction favorable

70
Q

What is Step 2 in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Name: AconitaseWhat Happens: Isomerization of citrate

71
Q

What is Step 3 in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Name: Isocitrate dehydrogenaseWhat Happens: first of four oxidation stepsYields: CO2 and NADH

72
Q

What is Step 4 in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Name: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexWhat Happens: second of four oxidation stepsYields: NADH, CO2, and compound with high energy thioester bond

73
Q

What is Step 5 in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Name: Succinyl-CoA synthetaseWhat Happens: phosphate displaces CoA to make high energy intermediate. Phosphate is passed to GDP to make GTP

74
Q

What is Step 6 in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Name: Succinate dehydrogenaseWhat Happens: third of four oxidation stepsYields: FADH2

75
Q

What is Step 7 in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Name: FumaraseWhat Happens: hydration reaction (add H2O)

76
Q

What is Step 8 in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Name: Malate dehydrogenaseWhat Happens: fourth oxidation rxn; oxalacetate regenerationYield: oxaloacetate

77
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Series of Eight Rxn; regenerates oxaloacetate, releases 2 CO2, requires O2 for regeneration of NAD+ and FAD

78
Q

Where does lactate excretion occur?

A

Skeletal muscle

79
Q

How do products from glycolysis enter the citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvate must be processed to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mitochondrial matrix in order for products to enter the citric acid cycle

80
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

81
Q

Which steps are redox in the Krebs cycle?

A

3, 4, 6, & 8

82
Q

What are the net products of the citric acid cycle?

A

For each acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle, 3 NADH, 3H+, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2.

83
Q

What is regenerated in the final step of the citric acid cycle that keeps the cycle going?

A

Oxaloacetate

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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