TBI: Background Info

Question 1

What are the two stages of TBI?

Answer 1

a. Primary: at the moment of impact

b. Secondary: several days to many weeks after injury

Question 2

What are the two types of TBI?

Answer 2

a. Focal brain injury:

b. Multifocal and diffuse brain injury:

Question 3

Focal brain injuries are caused by?

Answer 3

direct blow to the head resulting from collision with an external object, a fall, or a penetrating injury

Question 4

Multifocal and diffuse brain injuries are caused by?

Answer 4

sudden deceleration of the body and head, possibly

from a motor vehicle, bicycle, or skateboard accident or a fall from a high surface

Question 5

Describe decorticate rigidity

Answer 5

Upper extremities are in spastic flexed position with internal rotation and adduction. Lower extremities are in spastic extended position, internally rotated, and adducted.

Question 6

Describe decerebrate rigidity

Answer 6

Upper and lower extremities are in spastic extension, adduction,
and internal rotation. Wrist and fingers flex, plantar portions of the feet flex and invert,
the trunk extends, and the head retract.

Question 7

What kind of primitive reflexes may be seen with midbrain damage?

Answer 7

Impaired righting reflexes

Question 8

What kind of primitive reflexes may be seen with basal ganglia damage?

Answer 8

Absence of equilibrium reactions and protective extension

Question 9

Impaired righting reflexes observed with ____ damage

Answer 9

midbrain

Question 10

Absence of equilibrium reactions and protective extension is observed with _____ damage

Answer 10

Basal ganglia

Question 11

Ataxia (abnormal movement) is a symptom of TBI resulting from _____ damage

Answer 11

Cerebellum

Question 12

Muscle weakness, without spasticity, is a symptom of TBI with ____ or ____ injury

Answer 12

Peripheral nerve

Plexus

Question 13

With TBI, decreased functional endurance and _______ accompany reduced muscular strength as a result of medical complications

Answer 13

Decreased endurance and vital capacity accompany re-

duced muscle strength

Question 14

With some TBI, limitations of joint motion may be present, potentially resulting from

Answer 14

increased muscle tone, volitional resistance, contractures, heterotopic ossification, fractures or dislocation, and pain

Question 15

What types of changes in sensation can occur with TBI?

Answer 15

a. Signs of absent or diminished sensation including light touch,sharp and dull sensations, proprioception, temperature, pain, and kinesthesia
b. Diminishment of sense of taste and smell with cranial nerve injury
c. Possible hypersensitivity

Question 16

Diminishment of sense of taste and smell may be present with ___ nerve injury

Answer 16

cranial