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exam#2 485 > TBI > Flashcards

TBI Flashcards

1
Q

Closed Head injury is a _____ damage

A

diffuse

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2
Q

Open Heads Injury can be ____, or more focal like a stroke.

A

diffuse

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3
Q

Mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion, can be defined as a

A

short-lived loss of brain function due to head trauma that resolves spontaneously

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4
Q

Mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion resolves _______.

A

spontaneously

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5
Q

With concussion, function may be interrupted but there is no _______ damage to the brain.

A

structural

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6
Q

CHI to the brain results in ______ and ________ brain injury

A

primary

secondary

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7
Q

Primary injury occur ______ following impact and is related to instantaneous events directly caused by the blow.

A

immediately

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8
Q

Secondary injury is characterized by a cascade of biochemical, cellular and molecular events involved in the evolution of secondary damage. What type of effects does this present?

A

long term

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9
Q

Potential sites for cerebral bruising in CHI (4)

A

Site of impact (coup);
Sites diametrically opposite site of impact; (contrecoup)due to no pressure release
Frontal and temporal lobe crests; and
Surface lesions of the upper borders of the hemispheres.

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10
Q

Repetitive TBI , is also known as?

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy CTE

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11
Q

Common Behavioral Issues with a Brain Injury

A 
Poor self control, impulsivity
Limited insight into deficits
Lack of initiative
Non-compliance
Depression
Decreased understanding of social rules
Irritability, agitation, aggression
Low threshold for over stimulation
Emotional lability (i.e., shifts in emotional state)
Low frustration tolerance
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12
Q

how is TBI different from aphasia?

A

aphasia is just a language problem, TBI has mixed issues.

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13
Q

Observed symptoms of TBI

A 
Vacant stare 
Delayed verbal and motor responses 
Confusion and inability to focus attention
Disorientation 
Slurred or incoherent speech
Gross observable incoordination 
Emotions out of proportion to circumstances 
Memory deficits 
Any period of loss of consciousness
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14
Q

Observed symptoms (in assessment)

A

Difficulty focusing & sustaining attention
• Delayed response time
• Decreased ability to organize information
• Difficulty with simultaneous processing
• Limited ability to generalize
• Rigid/concrete problem solving
• Decreased concept formation
• Altered perceptual/spatial function
• Decreased judgment

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15
Q

TBI can lead to what 4 types of disturbances?

A

cognitive
emotional
behavioral
physical

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16
Q

what type of disturbance is Very common after TBI

A

emotional

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17
Q

cognitive disturbances can mask subtle language deficits following a head injury. t/f

A

t

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18
Q

Speech and language problems following head injury often don’t capture or document the problems. t/f

A

t

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19
Q

Why are speech/language problems important to study?

A

An individual’s communication skills after a TBI is often a critical factor in determining quality of life and have major social and vocational ramifications

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20
Q

Communication challenges following TBI are most often ____-____ in nature (more global)

A

non-aphasic

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21
Q

TBI patients May have ______ speech, reasonably fluent and grammatical ______language and ________ adequate to support everyday interaction

A

intelligible
expressive
comprehension

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22
Q

Why is it so hard to pinpoint linguistic deficits following TBI? (3)

A
  1. High variability of TBI population
  2. Language deficits are commonly overlooked because cognitive/memory problems are overwhelming.
  3. Metalinguistic cognitive functions (attention, memory etc) interact with language deficits
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23
Q

Despite performing within normal limits on standardized batteries, TBI patients suffer some degree of ________ _______

A

language dysfunction

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24
Q

Common TBI Language Deficits

A 
Interpretation of ambiguous sentences
Inferential judgments
Generating semantically constrained sentences
Metaphor interpretation
Humor
Semantic association tasks
Synonym/antonym generation tasks
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25
Common TBI Language Deficits (2)
``` digressiveness difficulty in self monitoring: - that includes lack of inhibition, - difficulty in attending to topic, - disorganization - difficulty in initiating speech and once initiated, speech is difficult to stop, difficult to change topic. ```
26
What is common across these deficits?
They all involve interplay between cognitive processes (attention, memory and executive functions) with linguistic processes
27
what language impairments reflect the cognitive dysfunction that may occur after TBI.
impacting attention recall organization sequencing Retrieval impairments are frequent
28
language impairments resulting from TBI may be called __________ impairment rather than aphasia.
neurolinguistic
29
Time course following injury
1. Full language function recovered if initial injury was mild 2. After some mild head injury, expressive deficits can remain for at least 6 months post onset, with anomia. Generally recovered diffuse cerebral damage. 3. More severe damage, with diffuse swelling and bilateral hematomas correlated with persistent expressive and receptive impairment at least one year post injury, with residual anomia.
30
Most linguistic recovery occurs within the first __ months, especially in the first __ month.
6 | 1
31
_______ problems tend to resolve first.
Memory
32
Children with TBI can present with “_______ ____” dysfunctions which fail to meet the primary characteristics of traditional aphasia definitions
"subclinical aphasia”
33
tbi in children are prevalent because
``` Larger head on weaker neck muscles more chance for contra-coup injuries Less myelination greater impact of shearing forces Softer cranium Increased susceptibility to blunt forces ```
34
TBI in children = often disturbs acquisition of ____ language skills as compared to the recovery of already established abilities.
new
35
what are the common behavioral characteristics of TBI?
``` Poor self control, impulsivity Limited insight into deficits Lack of initiative Non-compliance Depression Decreased understanding of social rules Irritability, agitation, aggression Low threshold for over stimulation Emotional lability (i.e., shifts in emotional state) Low frustration tolerance ```
36
what are the characteristics of CTE?
chronic traumatic encephalopathy. | multiple concussions; can only be diagnosed postmortem. common with professional athletes.
37
what are the characteristics of a concussion?
language deficits mixed with many other issues (emotional, in-coordination, vacant stares)
38
what are the characteristics of post-concussive
symptoms that persist beyond 3 months but must be classified as a concussion. 1. LOC 2. PTA
39
What are some observable symptoms seen in TBI patients?
``` Vacant stare Delayed verbal and motor responses Confusion and inability to focus attention Disorientation Slurred or incoherent speech Gross observable incoordination Emotions out of proportion to circumstances Memory deficits Any period of loss of consciousness ```
40
what are the 3 most common consequences of TBI?
Attention Memory Executive Function
41
why is speech/language problems difficult to assess or pinpoint in TBI?
language is overlooked because cognitive/memory is so poor. Metalinguistic cognitive functions (attention, memory etc) interact with language deficits.
42
what are some of the more common language deficits seen in TBI?
digressiveness | difficulty self-monitoring
43
what do language impairments reflect regarding the nature of the deficits of TBI?
cognitive dysfunction
44
when do language abilities typically recover after a mild TBI?
6 months; especially within the first month
45
when do language abilities typically recover after a severe TBI?
1 year
46
What are some the executive function deficits seen in TBI?
``` Reasoning Planning Concept formation Mental flexibility Aspects of Attention & Awareness Purposeful Behavior ```
47
what is PTA and how is it related to TBI severity?
POST-TRAUMATIC AMNESIA: it ranks the injury severity as a function of duration PTA 7 days = "very severe injury“
48
what are some ways that post-concussive syndrome might affect academic performance?
``` Processing speed – Lecture Alternating attention – Note-taking Cognitive Flexibility – Problem solving Connecting Ideas – Studying Concentration – Lecture, Studying Memory – Test Taking Planning – Deadlines, Homework, Meetings Self-Evaluation – Grades Disinhibition – Social Settings, class discussions ```
49
What are the 4 types of memory deficits resulting from a TBI?
Amnesia Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)
50
what type of disturbances will be problematic for executive functions?
attention | memory
51
define focused
the ability to respond discretely to a specific stimuli-visual, auditory, or tactile
52
define Sustained
the ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during a continuous or repetitive activity. Ex: tap every time you see a star-visual task
53
define selective
the ability to maintain a cognitive set that requires both activation and inhibition of a response dependent on a response discrimination of stimulus.
54
define alternating
the capacity for mental flexibility that allows for moving between having different cognitive requirements . Ex: choose black card say/suit; choose red card say number
55
define divided
: ability to simultaneously respond to multiple tasks (multitasking)
56
what is amnesia?
inability to remember
57
what memories are the most vulnerable?
recently acquired
58
what is anterograde amnesia?
inability to acquire and retrieve new information and recall day to day activities since the injury.
59
what is retrograde amnesia?
the inability to remember information preceding the injury
60
what is post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)
the inability to remember information both preceding and after injury
61
person with TBI can typically access ______ memory
semantic
62
the executive system includes what 4 abilities?
volition planning purposive action performance effectiveness
63
_________ dysfunction is relatively common for TBI patients.
executive
64
how is severity of TBI accessed? (3)
1. Length and Depth of LOC/Coma 2. Persistence of post-traumatic amnesia (how long will person have post-traumatic amnesia-hrs, days, months) 3. Levels of Cognitive Function(How people respond to stimuli)
65
the length of unconsciousness is in conjunction with _______ of TBI
severity
66
mild TBI loss of consciousness is less than ___ minutes
30
67
loss of consciousness for a moderate TBI is _-_ hours
1-24
68
loss of consciousness for a severe TBI is more than __ hours
24
69
what test will measure eye opening, verbal response, and motor response
glasgow coma scale
70
what the scale of cognitive functioning called?
levels of cognitive functioning | invented at Rancho Los Amigos
71
An athlete who has a concussion is _-_ times as likely to get another concussion in the same season
3-6
72
what are some ways that post-concussive syndrome might affect academic performance?
``` Studying and Learning Time Management Relating to others alternating attention connecting ideas processing speed planning ```

exam#2 485 (7 decks)

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