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Perception and Cognition > TB8 > Flashcards

TB8 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three main types of cell.

A

Simple, complex and hypercomplex

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2
Q

What is the posterior inferior temporal cortex responsible for?

A

Simple features

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3
Q

What area of the brain is responsible for complex features?

A

Anterior inferior temporal cortex

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4
Q

What graph is used to record cell activity?

A

Pen-Stimulus spike histogram

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5
Q

What are grandmother cells?

A

Specific to one object only and can be generalised by many instances

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6
Q

Why cant we say there are grandmother cells?

A

We dont have enough cells in the brain, we cant find them and if those cells die, it means we cant recognise that object

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7
Q

How do we process faces?

A

Holistically unless the face is inverted

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8
Q

What three main features are necessary for face recognition?

A

Internal features, external features and configuration

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9
Q

What is face adaption?

A

This is where the face representation is changed

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10
Q

What did Rhodes find when studying facial adaption?

A

When adapting to a Caucasian or asian face for 5 mins, they found that participants were better at discriminating faces of the race adapted

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11
Q

What does face adaption tell us?

A
  1. face coding mechanisms are present
  2. face adaption causes suppression
  3. suggests cells are important for coding different identities
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12
Q

Which area of the brain is specific to face view?

A

STS

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13
Q

Which area of the brain generalises over position, lighting and orientating?

A

Temporal cortex

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14
Q

What is the heir achy of body face and head?

A

Eyes overrides head and head overrides body

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15
Q

What area of the brain is responsible for eyes, body and head direction?

A

STS

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16
Q

Name the five things responsible for facial attractiveness?

A

Symmetry, averageness, sexual traits, skin and colour and hormone levels

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17
Q

Which brain hemisphere is responsible for faces and what judgements of the face are made?

A

Right hemisphere, focusses on LVF. Judgements of sex, identity and age are all made.

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18
Q

In the flashed face distortion effect, what happens when common characteristics are suppressed?

A

They become unattractive and are seen as caricature

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19
Q

When do females prefer masculine faces?

A

When they are ovulating

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20
Q

Under what conditions do hormone levels not affect attractiveness?

A

When a woman is on the contraceptive pill

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21
Q

At what age do children look longer at a normal face rather than a scrambled face?

A

2-3mo

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22
Q

What were the findings when presented chimeric faces to adults?

A

They were better at identifying faces when there was only half a face rather than a negative bottom half

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23
Q

Where is the FFA located?

A

The inferior occipito-temporal region

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24
Q

What is delusional misidentification syndrome?

A

Rare psychiatric disorder changing the perception of others

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25
Q

What is V4 important for?

A

Colour and shape

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26
Q

What is V5 important for?

A

Motion

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27
Q

What are V5 cells sensitive to?

A

Moving dots, direction and speed

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28
Q

What is the heir achy of receptive field sizes?

A

The medial temporal lobe has the biggest, followed by V5, followed by V1.

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29
Q

Johansson looked at biological motion and found three types?

A

Perception of co-ordination = when dots move in the same way they are seen as a coherent
Motion captured = elliptical way when by itself yet vertical when presented with others
Co-ordination = when the background is made darker, the light doesn’t fully rotate

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30
Q

What happens when the brain is studied from the STS to the temporal pole?

A

The brain responds more to moving stimuli

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31
Q

What is short ISI?

A

Short interval stimulus - implausible to be biological motion as the changing is too rapid

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32
Q

When can the movement be plausible to be biological motion?

A

When there is a long stimulus interval

33
Q

Under what circumstances can integration of motion occur? And what area of the brain is activated?

A

When form and motion occur at the same time and the PITC and STS

34
Q

What is implied motion?

A

A still image which indicates movement e.g a running stance.

35
Q

When is V5 activated?

A

Biological motion, illusory motion. implied motion and imaginary motion when mental rotation occurs

36
Q

Where do the dorsal and ventral pathway meet?

37
Q

Where does the N170 act?

A

The bilateral temporal scalp

38
Q

When is the N170 occur?

A

When motion is evident, such as opening mouth etc

39
Q

Why is action perception important?

A
  1. we are highly social and need to interact
  2. brings about evolutionary advantage
  3. interacts in complex social environment
  4. threat detection
  5. building alliances with friends
  6. interactions with potential mates
  7. action perception is fast
40
Q

How fast is action potential?

A

A few hundred milliseconds

41
Q

What is egocentric coding?

A

View-Dependent - only activated by a specific view

42
Q

What is allocentric coding?

A

View-independent coding - activated irrespective of view

43
Q

What was Downing’s heirachy?

A

whole bodies – body parts – face parts – other objects – object parts

44
Q

How does TMS work?

A

It generates an electrical current which temporarily turns off areas of the brain

45
Q

What three areas did Pitcher investigate?

A

The OFA, EBA and LOC

46
Q

What did Pitcher find?

A

That there is a triple dissociation between OFA, EBA and LOC and that each area is responsible for specific activation.

47
Q

What does the STS respond to?

A

Biological motion and eye gaze

48
Q

Why are bodies special for object perception?

A

They receive information from our bodies by feedback and multi sensory integration

49
Q

What do intentions imply?

A

Ends - wanting something AND means - taking measures to reach the end goal

50
Q

What is TOM?

A

The ability to differentiate between 1. object of the mental state - what the mental state is about/goal of action 2. content of mental state - how the mental state is represented

51
Q

What the the pSTS important for?

A

Representing body motion, goals and intentions

52
Q

What area of the brain responds to TOM?

53
Q

What area of the brain is activated when viewing mouth movements?

54
Q

What does observing the movement of another persons speech improve?

A

The intelligibility of speech

55
Q

When listing to audio info, which area is activated? When watching visual info, which area is activated? Which area is activated by both?

A

The temporal lobe
V1
STS

56
Q

Which area of the brain is activated by hand gestures? And what kind of gestures?

A

The STS and American Sign Language both making the movements and understanding them

57
Q

What areas of the brain are necessary in emotion processing?

A

Amygdala and anterior Cingular cortex

58
Q

At what age can infants detect eye gaze?

59
Q

Where are mirror neurones located?

A

In front of the central sulcus in the primary motor correct, supplementary motor cortex and premotor cortex

60
Q

What is the function of motor neurones?

A

They fire when observing and executing the same action

61
Q

When do mirror neurones fire?

A

For specific actions, face actions and hidden actions

62
Q

When do mirror neurones not respond?

63
Q

What did Hamilton and Jacobs and Shiffear find when looking at mirror neurones?

A

Hamilton looked at holding weights and when you are holding them, can’t judge how heavy other peoples weights are - your execution distorts someone else’s ability.
Jacobs and Shiffear found the same when on a treadmill - could only determine speed when cycling instead

64
Q

What is the simulation theory?

A

Understanding other people’s actions come from being able to simulate their actions as our own (motor representations)

65
Q

What is the theory theory?

A

We deploy a common sense of theory of mind and so we can explain their behaviour

66
Q

Using MEPs, when was there more activated in the premotor cortex?

A

When watching actions, hearing sounds, listening to words which use tongue action

67
Q

Which receptors feed information back to the brain about touch?

A

Mechanoreceptors

68
Q

When feedback is blocked, which part of the brain is blocked?

A

Brachial plexus

69
Q

In language, how is the mirror neurone system activated?

A

A primitive dialogue is formed between the observer and the actor

70
Q

What amplitude is rhythm suppression?

71
Q

What disorder is lined to mirror neurone deficits?

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

72
Q

What occurs in ASDs brain to have deficits in MNS?

A

Cortisol thinning impairs the MNS

73
Q

Using deficits of the MNS, what is the MNS responsible for?

A

Social cognition

74
Q

What are broadly congruent MN?

A

When neurones fire despite the action NOT being identical but similar

75
Q

What are strictly congruent neurones for?

A

When actions are identical

76
Q

What’s the chameleon effect?

A

We try and imitate others in that environment

77
Q

What is the visuotactile paradigm?

A

When there is a vibration to either the index finger or the thumb and a light is presented either in the upper or lower visual field. It takes longer to respond when things are incongruent than when they are the same

78
Q

Where does multisensory integration occur?

A

Subcortically in the superior colliculus and corticolly in the STS, premotor cortex and insult

Perception and Cognition (3 decks)

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