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Perception and Cognition > TB10 > Flashcards

TB10 Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the first two people to investigate colour vision?

A

Gladstone and Homer

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2
Q

how does language influence cognition?

A

Different people may interpret the same word very differently and results in different actions.

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3
Q

What are the three main forms and what do they suggest?

A
  1. Weak form: language primes thought - gender and tenses looks at the knowledge of time
  2. Strong form: language constrains thought - if you don’t have the word for it, then it can’t exist
  3. Strongest form: language alters perception - may change what you see, hear and remember.
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4
Q

What evidence is there supporting gender in language?

A

Looked at German and Spanish and found for every word they use, they are more likely to associate it with a gender and then when applying voices to that word, they found the same thing. In english, it is very different as they don’t assign genders - all artificial things are male and all natural things are female.

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5
Q

What evidence is there supporting direction and spatial representation?

A

Kuuk Thayorrie language say absolute terms - when ranging things in chronological form, left to right in english and in KT, east to west.

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6
Q

How many colours can be identified in cultures?

A

between 2 and 11.

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7
Q

How does memory affect colour?

A

We know that a banana is yellow.

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8
Q

How to static images generate activation?

A

Activate areas in the motion area, implied motion is seen as activation of motor areas.

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9
Q

How do Russian and English speakers cary with colour?

A

Russians have greater boundaries between colour and when these boundaries are crossed, it results in a faster reaction time to stay the specific colour. English colours have no differences between or within categories. In Russian, found that interference with language and not spatial representations.

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10
Q

What did Siminalkis investigate with monkeys?

A

Put lasers into their eyes, creating a hole and created the laser rejection zone. If we had plastic brains, this area would be filled in, but because we dont, this area remained a hole - same in humans.

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11
Q

What animals are protected for ethics?

A

All vertebrates, octopi halfway through gestation, all amphibians after they can independently feed.

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12
Q

What are the three Rs?

A
  1. Replacement: can you use animals which aren’t protected instead? can you use humans with ethical forms?
  2. Refinement: can you make it in the best way possible for an animal to be used, e.g. anaesthesia
  3. Reduction: can you use fewer animals
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13
Q

What is the trade off between the three Rs?

A

Refinement vs Reduction

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14
Q

How can ethics be shown in PVS?

A

Some show brain activation when playing tennis and walking around a house, yet others show no brain activity.

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15
Q

What activation occurs in the brain of psychopaths?

A

There is less activity in the amygdala and the frontal cortex.

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16
Q

What disorder costs the NHS the most?

A

Dementia

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17
Q

Name the five main tastes.

A
  1. sweet - glucose and fructose
  2. bitter - no molecule
  3. sour - protons
  4. salt - sodium ions
  5. unami - amino acids - deliciousness
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18
Q

What is detonium benzoate?

A

Detectable at 10ppm and the thing you put on nails to stop biting them.

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19
Q

What are the two genetic variations in taste?

A

Nontaster - few taste bids and lack of taste

Super taster - lots of taste buds and perceive things as more bitter than they are.

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20
Q

What is the difference between vision and taste and smell?

A

Taste and smell do not cross over in the brain.

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21
Q

What is the hardwired effect?

A

Evidence that newborns experience taste from facial expressions.

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22
Q

How does chilli stimulate the tongue?

A

It makes the tongue, somatosensory, believe that the tongue is burnt.

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23
Q

What are the benefits of smell?

A
  1. Identification
  2. Smell tells us about chemical composition
  3. Smell an be better than other senses (smell off milk)
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24
Q

What is an odor?

A

Connected in terms of chemicals

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25
Q

What are the properties of a smelly smell?

A

Small, volatile and hydrophobic

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26
Q

What is the smelliest molecule and what is it used for?

A

Butyl Mercaptan - mixed with methane so we can smell gas leaks

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27
Q

How many cilia have to have smell molecules attached to them to cause an action potential?

A

8

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28
Q

What is the cycle time of a nostril?

A

3hours

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29
Q

How does the molecules move over the mucus which is made up over water?

A

Overan transfer proteins

30
Q

What mechanisms moves the air in the nose?

A

Turbinates

31
Q

How many cilia are in your head?

A

5million OSNs.

32
Q

Where do the signals get sent from the OSNs?

A

The glomerulus within the olfactory bulb

33
Q

How slow is smell?

A

1-2seconds

34
Q

What happens when your unable to smell?

A

your nose bridge gets knocked which sends the cribriform plate upwards into the skull, impairing all the OSNs.

35
Q

What is it called when youre unable to smell?

A

Anosmic

36
Q

What are pseudogenes?

A

They are when something is broken, preventing that mechanism from working properly.

37
Q

How many genes are pseudogenes in humans?

A

60-70%

38
Q

What is the shape theory?

A

Believed the smell molecule is shaped to fit into specific receptor molecules within the nose; yet, what happens if they are isotopes as they are different things.

39
Q

What is the vibration theory?

A

When the specific molecule has a certain level of activation which binds to the receptor; yet how do they bind to the receptor

40
Q

What is the swipe card theory?

A

Have a shape which fits with a receptor and then the vibration determines the final activation level.

41
Q

What cells transport information from the olfactory bulb to the brain?

A

Mitral cells

42
Q

What are mitral cells connected to at the end and what arent they connected to?

A

They are connected to the amygdala and hippocampus - link to memory and emotion - but not language and attention mechanisms.

43
Q

What did Cain find when looking at smell for different genders?

A

Overall women had a better sense of smell, but men did better when investigating mustard, pepper and aftershave.

44
Q

How many small receptors do we have?

A

300

45
Q

Where does the smell information travel through before getting to the corticol neurones?

A

They travel from multiple projections in the glomeruli.

46
Q

What is the main mechanism behind pheromones in animals?

A

Vomeronasal organ (VNO).

47
Q

Why don’t humans have VNO?

A

because the genes to make it up as pseudogenes. Although during foetal development, neonates do have this mechanism.

48
Q

What are the two names behind expressing a group of proteins from a group of genes?

A
  1. Major Histocompatibility complex in animals

3. Human Leucoyte Antigen in humans

49
Q

What did Saxton find when investigating testosterone and mates?

A

Women rated men as more attractive in the control condition but men rated woman as more attractive when they had been exposed to testosterone.

50
Q

What is the difference in sad tears and sniffing tears?

A

Sad tears, cannot tell the difference whereas sniffling tears resulted in men having lower sexual arousal, rating woman as more unattractive and were less sexually aroused when eating porn too.

51
Q

How are pheromones detected in humans?

A

In receptors called taar which are located in the nose.

52
Q

What is the difference between sub threshold smell and supra threshold smell?

A

No difference - the thalamus was activated for smell in both conditions - know as blindsmell

53
Q

Explain the McClintock Effect.

A

Reported that woman who live together, give off a pheromone to sync menstrual cycles. Yet this has been proven otherwise, as when taken out the effect of chance with this being the case, there was no effect and when studying Chinese girls living together, this effect wasn’t found.

54
Q

What is the impact of gain control on luminance?

A

Depending on how much light is entering the eye will depend on how the eyes are adjusted and how many neurones are needed to control the amount of light entering the eye.

55
Q

What experiment did Webber do?

A

He got participants to look at a blurred face and adapt to it and then when shown the face in a cleared image, it takes a while for the eyes to adjust so originally, it is perceived as blurred.

56
Q

What are the computations that get everything done, called?

A

Computational Toolbox

57
Q

When showing gratings, what happens when the contrast and luminance is changed?

A

When contrast is changed, there is no effect. But when the luminance is changed, the activation changes. When the luminance is increased by 3x, then the activation increases, although not until 3x.

58
Q

What is the LGN?

A

Passes information on from the retina to higher cortical areas.

59
Q

What happens if contrast increases from 0-100 and what is it called?

A

It is called hyperbolic ratio function and it increases up until 40 and then becomes saturated and so plateaus.

60
Q

What did Bond find when investigating masking?

A

Found that as the mask was increased, looking at the surrounding environment, the response takes longer and so the graph will shift to the right.

61
Q

What was the main findings of the model by Heeger?

A

Found that when activating a specific neurone, the surrounding neurones are also activated and so to determine the input of that neurone, have to add up all the sums and divide it by the input.

62
Q

What are the signatures of coticol gain control?

A

They are long range, have tuning and complex features.

63
Q

How is neural activity monitored?

A

By local activity of the group which is averages over both space and time.

64
Q

What is a transducer function?

A

Tells you when a neurone converts inputs to outputs.

65
Q

How can a threshold be discovered?

A

Present them with some low and high and move them closer together. Once no-one can tell them apart anymore, that is the threshold.

66
Q

In the sensitivity graph, which part is the most sensitive?

A

The steepest part of the graph, the lower and upper points are least sensitive and so large changes must occur to notice the difference.

67
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage for gain control?

A

Good to use on children as electrodes cannot be inserted into their heads but bad as abnormal gain has been shown in epileptics, autism and PD.

68
Q

What is the effect of gain control of schiz?

A

Gain control fails.

69
Q

What is the effect of gain control on epileptics?

A

Photosensitive epilepsy can be triggered by high contrast visual flicker.

70
Q

How does ageing prove beneficial?

A

When completing grating tasks and the gratin moving and getting bigger. They are good at saying which way the grating moves when it is large, where as younger people are unable to do this.

71
Q

What is the mutation for PD?

A

LARK2 and when have this mutation, results in more likely to develop PD.

Perception and Cognition (3 decks)

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