TB Flashcards
What is Ghon focus
Primary lesion characterized by aggregation of numerous granulomas in periphery of lung
What is ghon complex
Combination of calcified ghon focus with lymph node involvement
What is Rankes complex
When ghon complex undergoes fibrosis in calcification
What are the symptoms of primary TB
- Influenza like illness
- lymphadenopathy
- collapse of lungs
- consolidation of lungs
- cavitation
- Miliary TB
- meningitis
- pericarditis
What is the difference between primary and secondary TB
Secondary TB occurs when the hosts immunity is weakened
What are the clinical features of secondary TB
- Affects mostly oxygenated parts of lungs
- chronic cough with haemoptysis
- low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, malaise, loss of appetite
- spontaneous pneumothorax
What does miliary TB mean
It is a result of acute diffuse dissemination of tubercle Bacilli via the bloodstream
What clinical features are specific to miliary TB
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- dry cough
- headache which may indicate a coexisting meningitis
- funduscopy will choroidal tubercles
- chest x-ray will show millet seed appearance 1-2 mm lesions
What are the complications of pulmonary TB
- Aspergergilloma
- Massive haemoptysis
- cor pulmonale 
- Bronchiectasis
- bronchopleural fistula
- non-pulmonary: Enteritis, anorectal disease, poncets polyarthritis
What Are the Clinical features of lymph nodes in TB
- Painless lymphadenopathy
- Initially nodes are mobile
- Nodes later become matted and can Suppurate with sinus formation
What are the clinical features of G.I. disease in TB
- Right iliac fossa mass
- acute abdomen 
- tuberculosis peritonitis
- ascites
- abdominal distension
What are the clinical features of pericardial disease in TB 
- Breathlessness and abdominal swelling
- fever and night sweats
- Raised JVP
- hepatospleenomegaly
- prominent ascites
- peripheral edema
- chest x-ray shows increased pericardial dulness and globular enlarged heart in pericardial effusion
What is the Important sign in pericardial disease in TB
Early third heart sound and pericardial calcification
What are the diseases of CNS associated with TB
- Meningitis
- Tuberculoma
What are the bone and joint diseases related to TB
- Poncets arthropathy
- Potts disease 
What are the investigations used to diagnose TB
- Chest x-ray
- Sputum staining
- sputum culture
- tests for extra pulmonary TB
-  Mantoux teat
- Pleural fluid culture
- Bronchial washing
- Biopsy
- PCR
- Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)
- Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
What are the tests for extra pulmonary TB
- Fluid examination
- tissue biopsy
- bone marrow biopsy
- liver biopsy
What are the drugs used to treat tuberculosis
- Isoniazid
- rifampicin
- Pyrazinamide
- Ethambutol
What is the regime of treatment for tuberculosis
- Initial phase - 2 months: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol
- Continuation phase – 4 months isoniazid and rifampicin
In which conditions is treatment of tuberculosis extended for 9 to 12 months
- HIV positive
- tuberculous osteomyelitis
- miliary tuberculosis
- meningitis
- pregnancy
- drug intolerance
Isoniazid should always be started with which drug to prevent symptoms of deficiency
Pyridoxine vitamin B6
Which drug can cause orange to red colouration of the body secretions
rifampicin
What are the side effects of Ethambutol
Optic neuritis which is colour blindness for green, decreased visual equity, central scotoma
Which drug may cause gout
Pyrazinamide 
