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Microbiology > Taxonomy - Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Taxonomy - Eukaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is used to infer the phylogeny of eukaryotes?

A

Sequencing of 18S rRNA genes

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2
Q

Relationship between 18S rRNA genes is ___ for eukaryotes than 16S rRNA genes is for prokaryotes.

A

weaker

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3
Q

How is phylogeny determined?

A

by MLST

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4
Q

Green algae are also called ____.

A

chlorophytes

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5
Q

Red algae are also called _____.

A

rhodophytes

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6
Q

Most green algae inhabit _____.

A

freshwater

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7
Q

Most red algae inhabit _____.

A

marine water

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8
Q

The red colour of red algae is from _____ which is produced in abundance in deep water.

A

phycoerythrin (an accessory pigment)

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9
Q

Most red algae are ____.

A

multicellular

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10
Q

What is Galdieria?

A

a unicellular red algae that lives in acidic hot springs

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11
Q

Which algae grows inside pours rocks?

A

Endolithic algae (green)

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12
Q

Which endosymbiosis involves red/green algae?

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

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13
Q

What is primary endosymbiosis?

A

When cell from cyanobacteria in lineage of bacteria enters a eukaryotic cell. It is followed by secondary endosymbiosis

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14
Q

What are diplomonads and parabasalids? what are their characteristics?

A

They are protists

  • unicellular
  • flagellated
  • lack chloroplasts
  • live in ANOXIC habitats
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15
Q

What is the key genera of diplomonads? and their characteristics?

A

Giardia

  • have 2 nuclei the same size
  • have MITOSOMES
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16
Q

What is a mitosome?

A

a reduced form mitochondrion (doesn’t have enzymes of the TCA and doesn’t have respiratory chain), they are involved in the maturation of ion-sulfur clusters

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17
Q

What is the key genera of parabasalids? and their characteristics?

A

Trichomonas

  • contain a parabasal body
  • lack mitochondrion but have HYDROGENOSOMES for anaerobic metabolism
  • live in intestinal and urogenital tracts
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18
Q

What is a hydrogenosome?

A

an organelle, oxidation of pyruvate to H2, CO2 and acetate which is found in some protozoan whose metabolism is STRICTLY FERMENTATIVE

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19
Q

What is an amitochondriate eukaryote?

A

a eukaryote that lacks a mitochondria.

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20
Q

____ protect the cells against deleterious environmental conditions.

A

Cysts

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21
Q

Cysts are similar to _____ produced by prokaryotes. They survive long periods of starvation/desiccation

A

endospores

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22
Q

Euglenozoans are _______

A

unicellular flagellated eukaryotes

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23
Q

Kinetoplastids have a _____. They live primarily in ______ habitats and feed on _____

A

kinetoplast; aquatic; bacteria

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24
Q

What is a kinetoplast?

A

a mass of circular DNA present in their single large mitochondrion

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25
Q

Give an example of kinetoplastid and what it is.

A

Trypanosoma brucei: sleeping sickness, lives/grows in blood stream, infects central nervous system, tsetse fly transmits is

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26
Q

Euglenids and kinetoplastids are a sub-category of ____

A

euglenozoans

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27
Q

Euglenids have ____

A

chloroplasts

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28
Q

Stalked mother cell produces 2 morphologically distinct progeny which are?

A
  • daughter swarm cell: has flagellum (can’t reproduce at first then become early stalk)
  • daughter non-motile stalk cell
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29
Q

What characterizes alveolates?

A

the presence of alveoli which are sacs underneath the cytoplasmic membrane

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30
Q

Function of alveoli?

A

maintain osmotic pressure

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31
Q

What are the three sub-categories of alveolates?

A
  • ciliates (paramecium which have a contractile vacuole)
  • dinoflagellates (have 2 flagella)
  • apicomplexans
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32
Q

What are cilia used for?

A

used fo motility and to obtain food

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33
Q

What is a characteristic of ciliates?

A

they have 2 nuclei:

macronucleus and micronucleus

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34
Q

During conjugation (sexual reproduction) 2 paramecia exchange _____.

A

micronuclei

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35
Q

Some ciliates are animal ____ and some are animal ____ (in the rumen)

A

parasites; symbionts

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36
Q

Dinoflagellates are diverse marine and freshwater ______ organisms.

A

phototrophic

37
Q

What are the two types of flagella in dinoflagellates?

A
  • transverse flagellum

- longitudinal flagellum

38
Q

Some species of dinoflagellates secrete ____.

A

neurotoxins

39
Q

Dense suspension of dinoflagellates are called _____.

A

red tides

40
Q

What happens if you ingest toxic dinoflagellates?

A

human poisoning -> paralytic shellfish poisoning.

41
Q

Apicomplexans are ______ parasites of animals.

A

obligate

42
Q

What is the life cycle of apicomplexans?

A
  • sporozoite (transmission)
  • gametocyte (sexual reproduction)
  • other stages
43
Q

What do apicomplexans contain and what is it?

A

they contain apicoplasts which are degenerated chloroplasts that lack pigments and phototrophic capacity

44
Q

What do apicomplexans cause?

A
  • malaria from Plasmodium
  • toxoplasmosis from Toxoplasma
  • coccidiosis from Eimeria
45
Q

What is the characteristic of Stramenopiles?

A

they have flagella with many short hairlike extensions

46
Q

What are the three subcategories of of Stramenopiles?

A
  • Oomucetes
  • Diatoms
  • Golden algae
47
Q

Oomycetes are _____. They are also called _____.

A

chemoheterotrophs; water molds

48
Q

Golden algae are _____. They are also called _____.

A

phototrophs; chrysophytes

49
Q

What are the characteristics of Oomycetes?

A
  • they have coenocytic hyphae (multinucleate)

- their cell wall is made of cellulose not chitin

50
Q

What gives the golden brown color of golden algae?

A

the chloroplasts pigments are dominated by the carotenoid FUCOXANTHIN

51
Q

Diatoms are ____. They are the most important _____.

A

phototrophic; primary producers

52
Q

What are the cell walls of diatoms made of?

A

silica [frustules (organism)]

53
Q

What distinguishes Cercozoans and Radiolarians from other protists?

A

their threadlike pseudopodia

54
Q

Name of ornate shell-like structures of cercozoans and radiolarians?

A

tests

55
Q

What are tests made of in cercozoans?

A

organic material

56
Q

What are tests made of in radiolarians?

A

silica

57
Q

Cercozoans and Radiolarians are _____.

A

unicellular

58
Q

Amoebozoas use _____ to move and feed. They move by _____ movement.

A

pseudopodia; amoeboid

59
Q

What are the three major groups of amoebozoas?

A
  • gymnamoebas
  • slime molds
  • entamoebas
60
Q

Gymnamoebas and entamoebas are _____. An example is ______.

A

unicellular; Entamoeba histolytica

61
Q

Why were Slime molds previously grouped with fungi?

A

because they have similar life cycles: produce fruiting bodies with spore for dispersal

62
Q

What are the two types of slime molds?

A
  • cellular slime mold

- plasmodial slime molds

63
Q

What is the vegetative form of plasmodial slime molds?

A

masses of protoplasm (cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles) of indefinite size and shape (plasmodium), that contain multiple nuclei

64
Q

What forms from a plasmodium?

A

a sporangium containing multiple haploid spores (dormant, resistant, for dispersal)

65
Q

What happens to the spores of plasmodial slime molds?

A

they germinate yielding a swarmer cell (flagellated or amoeboid).

66
Q

The fusion of 2 ______ regenerates the diploid plasmodium.

A

swarmer cells

67
Q

What is the vegetative form of cellular slime molds?

A

it is composed of single amoebae (haploid)

68
Q

What forms a pseudoplasmodium in cellular slime molds?

A

aggregate of separate amoeboid cells

69
Q

Fungi can be multicellular: ____ or unicellular: ____

A

molds; Yeats

70
Q

What are the two types of hyphae in multicellular fungi?

A
  • coenocytic: cytoplasm and nuclei are not subdivided into cells
  • septet: nuclei are separated by cross wall (1 nucleus per cell)
71
Q

Hyphae that extend above the surface can produce asexual spores celled ____.

A

conidia

72
Q

Fungal cell walls are made of ____.

A

chitin

73
Q

What are the 3 types of haploid sexual spores produced by fungi?

A
  • ascospores
  • basidiospores
  • zygospores
74
Q

______ help plant roots obtain phosphorus.

A

Mycorrhizae

75
Q

What do we call the close relationship between some species of fungi with plant roots?

A

a symbiotic association

76
Q

What is the association between fungi and algae/cyanobacterium called?

A

Lichen

77
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

A

Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae

78
Q

Which mycorrhizae forms a sheath around the plant root but doesn’t penetrate it?

A

Ectomycorrhizae

79
Q

Which mycorrhizae has a fungal hyphae embedded in the plant root?

A

Endomycorrhizae

80
Q

What are the specialized hyphae formed by fungal plant pathogens called that penetrate the plant cells and consume the cytoplasm?

A

haustoria

81
Q

______ in humans range in severity from “athlete’s foot” to histoplasmosis. ________ is a major risk factor

A

Mycoses; immunosuppression

82
Q

Most fungi reproduce by _____.

A

asexual means

83
Q

What are the three forms of asexual reproduction?

A
  • growth and spread of hyphal filaments
  • asexual production of spores
  • simple cell division: budding yeast
84
Q

Some fungi produce ___ as a result of sexual reproduction.

A

spores

85
Q

The sexual spores produced by fungi are resistant to ____, ____, ____, and ____.

A

drying, heating, freezing and chemicals

86
Q

What is yeast and give an example.

A

unicellular fungi. ex: Sacchromyces cerevisiae

87
Q

Cell division of yeast is through ____.

A

budding

88
Q

the sexual reproduction of yeast involves mating between __ and __.

A

a and alpha

Microbiology (6 decks)

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