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Microbiology > Taxonomy - Bacteria > Flashcards

Taxonomy - Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

Taxonomy is divided in 3:

A
  • Nomenclature
  • Classification
  • Identification
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2
Q

What did Carl Linnaeus introduce?

A

Binomial system (to name all cellular organisms)

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3
Q

What 2 names are given to each organisms?

A
  • generic name (genus)

- specific name (species)

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4
Q

What can names also be derived from?

Example

A 
From the name of the discoverer. 
Salmonella typhi (by Daniel Salmon)
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5
Q

In which class were animalcules originally classified?

A

In the class Chaos.

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6
Q

What are the taxonomic categories? (7)

A 
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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7
Q

The 3 main domains in life are…

A

eukaryote, bacteria, archaea

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8
Q

Classification is divided in __ and __.

A

Phenetic (overall characteristics) and Phylogenetic (evolutionary relationships)

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9
Q

What does “phenetic” section involve?

A
  • morphology
  • physiology
  • biochemistry
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10
Q

What does “phylogenic” section involve?

A
  • fossil record
  • rRNA sequences
  • multi-locus sequences typing
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11
Q

What is a species?

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed.

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12
Q

How do most microorganisms reproduce?

A
  • asexually

(some are capable of sexual reproduction-

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13
Q

Where was the first evidence of microbial life found?

A

in rocks (3.5byo)

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14
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.5 boy

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15
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

Microbial mats consisting of layers of filamentous prokaryotes, sediments and extracellular matrix.

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16
Q

What were formed in ancient stromatolites?

A

Anoxygenic phototrophic filamentous bacteria

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17
Q

What were formed in modern stromatolites?

A

Oxygenic phototrophic cyanobacteria

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18
Q

What is the subsurface hypothesis?

A
  • life originated from hydrothermal springs on the ocean floor
  • stable conditions
  • supply of energy was steady and abundant
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19
Q

What particularity did early earth have?

A

It was anoxic, much hotter.

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20
Q

What is the surface origin hypothesis?

A
  • first membrane-enclosed, self-replicating cells arose out of ponds rich in organic and inorganic compounds.
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21
Q

The first self-replicating molecules were __ based

A

RNA

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22
Q

What is the 3 part system that evolved and became universal among cells

A

DNA, RNA, proteins

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23
Q

Population of early cells from which cellular life may have diverged into ancestors of modern-day bacteria and archaea =

A

LUCA (last universal common ancestor)

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24
Q

Properties of RNA (3)

A
  • can bind small molecules
  • has catalytic activity
  • can be copied like DNA
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25
Q

Which is more stable, RNA or DNA?

A

DNA

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26
Q

What is the RNA world theory?

A

That first-replicating systems were RNA based

27
Q

If the early earth was anoxic, energy-generating metabolism of primitive cells was __

A

anaerobic and chemoautotrophic.

28
Q

What would forms of chemoautotrophic and photoautotrophic metabolism support?

A

production of organic compounds

29
Q

Who introduced the traditional method for the classification of prokaryotes?

A

Michael Adanson

30
Q

In numerical taxonomy, a large number of __ are determined for each organism and the similarities between pairs of microorganisms are calculated and expressed as the __ or the __.

A

characteristics; similarity coefficient; Jaccard coefficient

31
Q

Similarity coefficient formula (S)

A

S = number shared/total number tested

32
Q

Jaccard coefficient formula (Sj)

A

Sj = number shared/(total number testes - negative number for both)

33
Q

What is a phenon

A

a group of organisms that have characteristics in common

34
Q

To illustrate the relationship between species what can be made?

A

a dendogram

35
Q

Examples of evolutionary processes of phylogeny

A
  • a mutation
  • gene loss
  • gene duplication
  • horizontal gene transfer
36
Q

Genetic change can be __, __ or __

A

silent ; deleterious ; beneficial

37
Q

__ mutations improve fitness of an organism, increasing survival and its environment.
__ mutations may be beneficial in other environments allowing the microorganism to colonise new niches.
__ mutations are normally lost.

A

Adaptive ; silent ; deleterious

38
Q

What can lead to speciation (=rise of a new species)?

A

Accumulation of mutations

39
Q

Who established the 3 domains of life, provided a unified framework for bacteria and the sequencing of small subunit rRNA (SSU RNA)?

A

Carl Woese

40
Q

What type of RNA in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes?

A
  • 16S RNA

- 18S RNA

41
Q

__ is used to infer the phylogeny of prokaryotes and other microorganisms

A

RNA sequencing

42
Q

small subunit RNA (SSU) has a __ and __ region.

A

conserved; variable

43
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Accumulation of mutations over time

44
Q

How to sequence ribosomal RNA?

A
  • isolate DNA
  • amplify 16S gene by PCR
  • sequence
45
Q

What do branches on phylogenic trees represent?

A
  • The number of changes that have occurred

- the order of descent and ancestry

46
Q

Key elements of the phylogenic tree are…

A
  • Eukarya
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • LUCA
47
Q

The hypothesis that implies mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from the symbiotic association of prokaryotes and with another type of cell is the …

A

the endosymbiotic hypothesis

48
Q

The eukaryotic cell is __. Why?

A
  • Chimeric
  • eukaryotes have similar lipid and energy metabolism to bacteria
  • eukaryotes have transcriptions and translational machinery similar to archaea
  • phylogenically closer to archaea
49
Q

What produces desiccation resistant spores at tip of an elevated structure called sporophore?

A

Filamentous Actinobacteria, ex: Streptomyces

50
Q

Which predatory bacteria infects other bacterial cells, doesn’t grow on agar plates, doesn’t infect gram-positive bacteria and isn’t grown on agar plates.

A

Bdellovibrio

51
Q

A stalked bacteria found in aquatic environment, that has a unique cell cycle and secretes the stickiest substance known as the tip of the stalk is __

A

Caulobacter

52
Q

An obligate intracellular bacteria that grows only inside host cells

A

Chlamydia

53
Q

The is a need to classify different __ of the same species for bacterial & racheal taxonomy.

A

strains

54
Q

Which methods does the polyphasic approach to taxonomy use ? (3)

A
  • Phylogenetic analysis (16S rRNA, MLST)
  • phenotypic analysis (motility, capsule, virulence)
  • genotypic analysis (presence/absence of specific genes)
55
Q

What is MLST?

A
  • Multilocus sequencing typing
  • is a method in which several different “housekeeping genes” from a species are sequenced and aligned to the respective sequence of other individuals of the species
56
Q

MLST has sufficient power to distinguish __

A

Closely related strains

57
Q

__ of an unknown microorganism will depend on the comparison of its properties with those of organisms that have already been classified and named (__)

A

Identification

Type strains

58
Q

They are classified and names according to : (4)

A
  • morphology
  • biochemical properties
  • 16s rRNA gene sequencing
  • MLST
59
Q

__ and __ can also be used for identification.

A
  • dichotomous key

- serotyping

60
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

A tool used by scientists to identify morphology and phenotype of micro-organisms, consists of a series of question.

61
Q

What are examples of selective and differential methods.

A

differential method : API strips

selective : glucose fermentation

62
Q

What is serotyping based on?

A
  • on the binding of specific antibody to surface structure
63
Q

What are the types of serotypes for :

  • LPS
  • capsule
  • Flagella
A
  • O
  • K
  • H
64
Q

Molecules of the immune system that recognise and bind to molecules on the surface of a microorganism or to secreted proteins are __

A

antibodies

Microbiology (6 decks)

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