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Taxonomy - Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy is divided in 3:

A
  • Nomenclature
  • Classification
  • Identification
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2
Q

What did Carl Linnaeus introduce?

A

Binomial system (to name all cellular organisms)

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3
Q

What 2 names are given to each organisms?

A
  • generic name (genus)

- specific name (species)

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4
Q

What can names also be derived from?

Example

A 
From the name of the discoverer. 
Salmonella typhi (by Daniel Salmon)
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5
Q

In which class were animalcules originally classified?

A

In the class Chaos.

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6
Q

What are the taxonomic categories? (7)

A 
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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7
Q

The 3 main domains in life are…

A

eukaryote, bacteria, archaea

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8
Q

Classification is divided in __ and __.

A

Phenetic (overall characteristics) and Phylogenetic (evolutionary relationships)

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9
Q

What does “phenetic” section involve?

A
  • morphology
  • physiology
  • biochemistry
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10
Q

What does “phylogenic” section involve?

A
  • fossil record
  • rRNA sequences
  • multi-locus sequences typing
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11
Q

What is a species?

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed.

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12
Q

How do most microorganisms reproduce?

A
  • asexually

(some are capable of sexual reproduction-

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13
Q

Where was the first evidence of microbial life found?

A

in rocks (3.5byo)

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14
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.5 boy

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15
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

Microbial mats consisting of layers of filamentous prokaryotes, sediments and extracellular matrix.

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16
Q

What were formed in ancient stromatolites?

A

Anoxygenic phototrophic filamentous bacteria

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17
Q

What were formed in modern stromatolites?

A

Oxygenic phototrophic cyanobacteria

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18
Q

What is the subsurface hypothesis?

A
  • life originated from hydrothermal springs on the ocean floor
  • stable conditions
  • supply of energy was steady and abundant
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19
Q

What particularity did early earth have?

A

It was anoxic, much hotter.

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20
Q

What is the surface origin hypothesis?

A
  • first membrane-enclosed, self-replicating cells arose out of ponds rich in organic and inorganic compounds.
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21
Q

The first self-replicating molecules were __ based

A

RNA

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22
Q

What is the 3 part system that evolved and became universal among cells

A

DNA, RNA, proteins

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23
Q

Population of early cells from which cellular life may have diverged into ancestors of modern-day bacteria and archaea =

A

LUCA (last universal common ancestor)

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24
Q

Properties of RNA (3)

A
  • can bind small molecules
  • has catalytic activity
  • can be copied like DNA
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25
Which is more stable, RNA or DNA?
DNA
26
What is the RNA world theory?
That first-replicating systems were RNA based
27
If the early earth was anoxic, energy-generating metabolism of primitive cells was __
anaerobic and chemoautotrophic.
28
What would forms of chemoautotrophic and photoautotrophic metabolism support?
production of organic compounds
29
Who introduced the traditional method for the classification of prokaryotes?
Michael Adanson
30
In numerical taxonomy, a large number of __ are determined for each organism and the similarities between pairs of microorganisms are calculated and expressed as the __ or the __.
characteristics; similarity coefficient; Jaccard coefficient
31
Similarity coefficient formula (S)
S = number shared/total number tested
32
Jaccard coefficient formula (Sj)
Sj = number shared/(total number testes - negative number for both)
33
What is a phenon
a group of organisms that have characteristics in common
34
To illustrate the relationship between species what can be made?
a dendogram
35
Examples of evolutionary processes of phylogeny
- a mutation - gene loss - gene duplication - horizontal gene transfer
36
Genetic change can be __, __ or __
silent ; deleterious ; beneficial
37
__ mutations improve fitness of an organism, increasing survival and its environment. __ mutations may be beneficial in other environments allowing the microorganism to colonise new niches. __ mutations are normally lost.
Adaptive ; silent ; deleterious
38
What can lead to speciation (=rise of a new species)?
Accumulation of mutations
39
Who established the 3 domains of life, provided a unified framework for bacteria and the sequencing of small subunit rRNA (SSU RNA)?
Carl Woese
40
What type of RNA in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes?
- 16S RNA | - 18S RNA
41
__ is used to infer the phylogeny of prokaryotes and other microorganisms
RNA sequencing
42
small subunit RNA (SSU) has a __ and __ region.
conserved; variable
43
What is genetic drift?
Accumulation of mutations over time
44
How to sequence ribosomal RNA?
- isolate DNA - amplify 16S gene by PCR - sequence
45
What do branches on phylogenic trees represent?
- The number of changes that have occurred | - the order of descent and ancestry
46
Key elements of the phylogenic tree are...
- Eukarya - bacteria - archaea - LUCA
47
The hypothesis that implies mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from the symbiotic association of prokaryotes and with another type of cell is the ...
the endosymbiotic hypothesis
48
The eukaryotic cell is __. Why?
- Chimeric - eukaryotes have similar lipid and energy metabolism to bacteria - eukaryotes have transcriptions and translational machinery similar to archaea - phylogenically closer to archaea
49
What produces desiccation resistant spores at tip of an elevated structure called sporophore?
Filamentous Actinobacteria, ex: Streptomyces
50
Which predatory bacteria infects other bacterial cells, doesn't grow on agar plates, doesn't infect gram-positive bacteria and isn't grown on agar plates.
Bdellovibrio
51
A stalked bacteria found in aquatic environment, that has a unique cell cycle and secretes the stickiest substance known as the tip of the stalk is __
Caulobacter
52
An obligate intracellular bacteria that grows only inside host cells
Chlamydia
53
The is a need to classify different __ of the same species for bacterial & racheal taxonomy.
strains
54
Which methods does the polyphasic approach to taxonomy use ? (3)
- Phylogenetic analysis (16S rRNA, MLST) - phenotypic analysis (motility, capsule, virulence) - genotypic analysis (presence/absence of specific genes)
55
What is MLST?
- Multilocus sequencing typing - is a method in which several different "housekeeping genes" from a species are sequenced and aligned to the respective sequence of other individuals of the species
56
MLST has sufficient power to distinguish __
Closely related strains
57
__ of an unknown microorganism will depend on the comparison of its properties with those of organisms that have already been classified and named (__)
Identification | Type strains
58
They are classified and names according to : (4)
- morphology - biochemical properties - 16s rRNA gene sequencing - MLST
59
__ and __ can also be used for identification.
- dichotomous key | - serotyping
60
What is a dichotomous key?
A tool used by scientists to identify morphology and phenotype of micro-organisms, consists of a series of question.
61
What are examples of selective and differential methods.
differential method : API strips | selective : glucose fermentation
62
What is serotyping based on?
- on the binding of specific antibody to surface structure
63
What are the types of serotypes for : - LPS - capsule - Flagella
- O - K - H
64
Molecules of the immune system that recognise and bind to molecules on the surface of a microorganism or to secreted proteins are __
antibodies

Microbiology (6 decks)

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