Taxonomy And Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of variation?

A

Discontinuous and continuous

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2
Q

Why are there 2 types of variation?

A
  • some characteristics are controlled by only 2 alleles
  • but some are controlled by polygenes where each allele has a small effect
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3
Q

What should samples be?

A
  • large enough to be representative of the whole population
  • allow statistical tests to be calculated
  • but small enough to be practical and fit into the allotted time
  • should be collected at random to avoid bias (representative again)
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4
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

A measure of the variety of living organisms within a particular habitat, ecosystem, biome or in Earth

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5
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The number of different species within an area

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6
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

The range of different ecosystems or habitats within a particular area or region

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7
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The number of different alleles of genes in a population

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8
Q

Definition of species

A
  • capable of breeding to produce fertile offspring
  • have similar morphology, biochemistry, physiology and behaviour patterns
  • have similar genes/DNA and belong to the same gene pool
  • occupy the same ecological niche
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9
Q

Order of taxonomic groups

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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10
Q

How to remember the order of taxonomic groups

A
  • dominoes
  • king
  • prawn
  • curry
  • or
  • fat
  • greasy
  • sausages
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11
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • bacteria
  • archae
  • eukaryota
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12
Q

What are the kingdoms?

A
  • animals
  • plants
  • fungi
  • Protista
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13
Q

What is the phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary relationship between organisms
Shown by a phylogenetic tree

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14
Q

How are phylogenetic trees arranged?

A

The oldest species at the base and most recent ones at the end of the branches

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15
Q

What is classification by observable statistics?

A
  • traditional method used for classifying organisms
  • based on the fact observable characteristics are determined by genes
  • limited bc genes can be determined by the environment
  • characteristics also determined by polygenes (not distinctly different)
  • method not relied upon anymore
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16
Q

What is genetic comparison?

A
  • it is possible to compare the DNA base sequence or amino acid sequences of specific proteins from different organisms
  • organisms that are closely related will show more similarities in their DNA base sequences
17
Q

What is genetic comparison?

A
  • it is possible to compare the DNA base sequence or amino acid sequences of specific proteins from different organisms
  • organisms that are closely related will show more similarities in their DNA base sequences
18
Q

How can genetic comparison happen?

A
  • common protein
  • compare base sequence in DNA
  • compare base sequence of RNA
  • compare sequence of a-a in proteins
  • expect that more closely related the species are, the more similar sequences will be
  • due to fewer mutations
19
Q

Suggest why two organisms have the same a-a sequence in their haemoglobin

A
  • derived from a common ancestor
  • very closely related
  • not long for mutations to occur
20
Q

How can immunological sequences (reaction to antibodies) be compared?

A
  • pure protein samples extracted from blood of multiple species
  • pure samples injected into different rabbits
  • each rabbit produces antibodies for that specific protein
  • antibodies extracted from rabbits and mixed with protein (antigen) samples
  • precipitate (ag-ab complex) from each mixed sample is weighed
21
Q

How can immunological sequences be interpreted?

A
  • antigen antibody complex causes a precipitate
  • more precipitate means there is more reaction
  • more reaction means the protein is more complimentary to the antibody
  • and so the species are more closely related
22
Q

What is the purpose of courtship rituals?

A
  • recognise members of your own species (ensure fertile offspring)
  • identify a mate that is capable of breeding (sexually mature and receptive)
  • form a pair bond (must raise offspring)
  • synchronise mating (increase chance of egg and sperm meeting)
  • to be able to breed (change in physiological state for breeding to occur)
23
Q

How are species named?

A
  • each organism has 2 names
  • generic name (upper case)
  • specific name (low case)
  • underlined if written