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Biology-12 > Taxonomy and Microbiology > Flashcards

Taxonomy and Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere; also called biological diversity

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2
Q

Dichotomous key

A

A tool used to identify organisms. It consists of a series of paired statements that describe alternative possible characteristics of an organism. Statements are prepared in a way that each step produces a smaller sub set.

A: Kite shaped body……..go to statement 12
B: Normal body……..go to statement 2

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3
Q

What are the classification categories

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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4
Q

Taxa:

A

Groups of similar organisms

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5
Q

What are the 6 main kingdoms and 3 main domains?

A

Plantae, animalia, Protista, fungi, Archea, Eubacteria (monera)

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

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6
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Classification system where each species is assigned a two part scientific name. Names are written in italics and the first word is capitalized.

First word is genus
Second is species

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

The field of biology that deals with classifying organisms

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8
Q

Ecology

How is ecology broken down?

A

Branch of biology that studies interactions between organisms and their interactions with the environment.

Biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, organism(s)

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9
Q

Virus?

Why not living?

A

A particle made of proteins, nucleic acids and sometimes lipids that can replicate inky be infecting living cells.

Not considered alive because living organisms don’t crystallize and they can only reproduce in living cells.

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10
Q

Bacteriophage:

A

A virus that infects bacteria cells

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11
Q

Describe lytic infection:

A

Viruses enters a bacterial cell and causes the cell to transcribe viral genes. Bacteria created viral proteins and nucleic acids. Proteins and nucleic acids then build into new viruses. The infected cell lyses, setting new viruses free.

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12
Q

Describe lysogenic infection

A

Viral DNA inserts into bacterial chromosome creating a prophage. It may replicate for generations. Prophage Can leave chromosome and start the lytic cycle. Influences in environment like radiation, heat, and chemicals can trigger the process.

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13
Q

Parts and their function on a microscope

A
  • Base
  • light source
  • pillar- tilting microscope
  • arm-support tune/ carrying
  • stage- place for viewing specimen
  • slide-holds specimen
  • course adjustment knob: adjust stage height
  • fine adjustment knob: focussing
  • cover glass: flat
  • stage clips: hold slide
  • concave mirror: reflects light when their no light source
  • objective lenses: magnify
  • tube: light travels form objective to ocular
  • eyepiece/ ocular: magnifies 10x
  • iris diaphragm lever: contrast of light and dark in specimen
  • iris diaphragm open
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14
Q

How is magnification calculated?

A

40x10=400x

40= objective lens
10= ocular lens
400x= specimen size
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15
Q

How does one draw a proper biological drawing?

A

Sharp pencil or back pen, field of view covers half a page, blank paper, no shading or colouring; stipple to show contrast, no arrows, labels are horizontal , include magnification.

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16
Q

Creating a wet mount?

A

Place drop of water over specimen on a slide using a pipette, then place cover slip on edge to eliminate air bubbles.

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17
Q

Prokaryote?

Eukaryotes?

A

Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus. Genetic material is in the cytoplasm. (Bacteria)

Organism whose cells contain a nucleus (larger, more variety in species; protists-animals)

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18
Q

Describe eubacteria and archaebacteria

A

Eubacteria: “true bacteria” most common

Archea: love in extreme conditions like hot springs. Have no pepitdoglycan in cell wall.

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19
Q

What kind of feeding do bacteria do?

Do most bacteria cause illness?

A

Most are Heterotroph: require an energy source from another organism.

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and are autotrophic: contain chlorophyll for making food from the sun

No!

20
Q

Describe the general structure of bacteria

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane 
Pili& or flagella for movement and stability 
Genetic material (plasmid) 
Ribosome
21
Q

How do bacteria differ?

A
  • size and function
  • movement
  • obtaining and release of energy
22
Q

What are the three types of bacterial structures?

What are the three types of bacterial colony groups?

A

Cocci, spirilla, bacilli

Diplo, staphylo, strepto

23
Q

Heterotroph:
Photoheterotrophs:
Photoautotroph:
Chemoautotroph:

A

H: Take in organic molecules from environment and organisms to use and both energy and carbon supply.
Ph: like heterotrophs but can also use light energy
Pa: use light energy to convert CO2 into carbon compounds
Ca: use energy released by chemical reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen sulfide.

24
Q

Obligate aerobe:
Obligate anaerobe:
Facultative anaerobe:

A

WRequiring oxygen for cellular respiration

Fermentation; dies in presence of oxygen

Can either use cellular respiration or fermentation

25
Q

Binary fission

A

Type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half producing two identical daughter cells.

26
Q

Endospore:

A

Produced by prokaryotes in unfavourable conditions; a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm.

27
Q

Conjugation:

A

Some paramecium and prokaryotes exchange genetic info (increases genetic diversity).

28
Q

What are protists?

A

Unicellular and eukaryotic organisms

29
Q

What are 4 animal like protists?

What are 3 plant like protists?

Whats the special, funky one?

A

Amoeba, paramecium, trichiomonas, tokophyra

Kelp, seaweed, algae

Euglena-flagella and chloroplasts

30
Q

Describe a paramecium

Habitat, food, structure

A
  • lives in fresh water and by decaying plant matter
  • cilia
  • trichicysts: capture prey, defensa, anchoring
  • maco nucleus for metabolic processes, mico nucleus for reproduction
  • eats protozoans, bacteria, algae
  • contractile vacuole: rapidly contracts to expel water out of cell through pore. 5is adjusts water volume, maintains water to salt balance, and discrete water soluble waste.
31
Q

Describe a Euglena

A
  • motile flagella: whiplike and spirals for movement
  • nucleus found a Center or anterior end
  • contractile vacuole fuses with the permanent water reservoir near end (only exit)
  • chloroplasts with chlorophyll to absorb light energy
  • can survive with or without light (without it absorbs nutrients form decaying matter)
  • stigma(eyespot)- light sensitive part that moves the euglena toward light
32
Q

Describe an amoeba

A
  • Pseodopodia: temporary protrusion of the surface of membrane for moment and feeding.
  • Lives in fresh or salt water, Intestines of animals and humans
  • phagocytosis: ingestión of bacteria
  • Food is drawn into a cavity formed by plasma membrane (pseudopod). Food vacuole forms. Lysosome comes into contact with the vacuole and they fuse together. Enzymes break down food. Waste is expelled through reverse phagocytosis.
33
Q

Name some flagellate protozoans

A

Euglena
Trichomonas
Volvox

34
Q

Name some ameboids

A

Amoeba

Radiolarian

35
Q

Name some ciliated protozoans

A

Paramecium

Tokophyra

36
Q

What are the basic structures of fungi and their purpose?

A

Cup/cap/sac, gills, stock )fruiting body: contains and disperses spores. Gills disperse.

Hyphae: absorb nutrients )Mycellium: mass of hyphae where vegetative stuff happens (reproduction)

37
Q

What class are fungi and can they move?

A

Eukaryotic and sessile

38
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

Heterotrophic: absorb nutrients by absorption
Saprophytic: secrete enzymes to break down dead organic material
Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living hosts

39
Q

What are most fungi made up of?

A

Chitin- polymer of nitrogen containing glucose

Chitin makes exoskeletons of most insects

40
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Sexually: two mating types fuse to from a diploid zygote (diakaryotic stage: coexistence of two mating types nuclei)Right after fusion, the zygote undergoes meiosis to produce spores.

Asexually: spores

41
Q

What are the 4 groups of fungi

A

Chytridomycetes, ascomycetes, zygomycota, basidiomycota

42
Q

Describe Chytridomycetes:

A
  • most primitive
  • zoospores: motile very resistant
  • synthesizes and release digestive enzymes that break down protective covers of other organisms
  • anaerobic
43
Q

Describe ascomycetes

A
  • sac/ cup fungi

- reproduce asexually by digging or spores called conidia that pinch off the exposed ends of hyphae.

44
Q

Describe zygomycota

A
  • molds

- tough zoospores produces by sexual reproduction, can stay dormant longgggg

45
Q

Describe basidiomycota

A
  • club fungi
  • Mushrooms
  • 1/3 Of fungi
  • fragmentation of conidia spore. Sexual spores found in club shaped cell calls basidium
46
Q

Species

A

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

47
Q

Spore

A

In prokaryotes, protists or fungi any of a variety of thick walled life cycle stages capable of surviving unfavourable conditions

Biology-12 (4 decks)

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