Taxonomy and Microbiology Flashcards
Biodiversity
Total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere; also called biological diversity
Dichotomous key
A tool used to identify organisms. It consists of a series of paired statements that describe alternative possible characteristics of an organism. Statements are prepared in a way that each step produces a smaller sub set.
A: Kite shaped body……..go to statement 12
B: Normal body……..go to statement 2
What are the classification categories
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Taxa:
Groups of similar organisms
What are the 6 main kingdoms and 3 main domains?
Plantae, animalia, Protista, fungi, Archea, Eubacteria (monera)
Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
Binomial nomenclature
Classification system where each species is assigned a two part scientific name. Names are written in italics and the first word is capitalized.
First word is genus
Second is species
Taxonomy
The field of biology that deals with classifying organisms
Ecology
How is ecology broken down?
Branch of biology that studies interactions between organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, organism(s)
Virus?
Why not living?
A particle made of proteins, nucleic acids and sometimes lipids that can replicate inky be infecting living cells.
Not considered alive because living organisms don’t crystallize and they can only reproduce in living cells.
Bacteriophage:
A virus that infects bacteria cells
Describe lytic infection:
Viruses enters a bacterial cell and causes the cell to transcribe viral genes. Bacteria created viral proteins and nucleic acids. Proteins and nucleic acids then build into new viruses. The infected cell lyses, setting new viruses free.
Describe lysogenic infection
Viral DNA inserts into bacterial chromosome creating a prophage. It may replicate for generations. Prophage Can leave chromosome and start the lytic cycle. Influences in environment like radiation, heat, and chemicals can trigger the process.
Parts and their function on a microscope
- Base
- light source
- pillar- tilting microscope
- arm-support tune/ carrying
- stage- place for viewing specimen
- slide-holds specimen
- course adjustment knob: adjust stage height
- fine adjustment knob: focussing
- cover glass: flat
- stage clips: hold slide
- concave mirror: reflects light when their no light source
- objective lenses: magnify
- tube: light travels form objective to ocular
- eyepiece/ ocular: magnifies 10x
- iris diaphragm lever: contrast of light and dark in specimen
- iris diaphragm open
How is magnification calculated?
40x10=400x
40= objective lens 10= ocular lens 400x= specimen size
How does one draw a proper biological drawing?
Sharp pencil or back pen, field of view covers half a page, blank paper, no shading or colouring; stipple to show contrast, no arrows, labels are horizontal , include magnification.
Creating a wet mount?
Place drop of water over specimen on a slide using a pipette, then place cover slip on edge to eliminate air bubbles.
Prokaryote?
Eukaryotes?
Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus. Genetic material is in the cytoplasm. (Bacteria)
Organism whose cells contain a nucleus (larger, more variety in species; protists-animals)
Describe eubacteria and archaebacteria
Eubacteria: “true bacteria” most common
Archea: love in extreme conditions like hot springs. Have no pepitdoglycan in cell wall.
What kind of feeding do bacteria do?
Do most bacteria cause illness?
Most are Heterotroph: require an energy source from another organism.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and are autotrophic: contain chlorophyll for making food from the sun
No!
Describe the general structure of bacteria
Cell wall Cell membrane Pili& or flagella for movement and stability Genetic material (plasmid) Ribosome
How do bacteria differ?
- size and function
- movement
- obtaining and release of energy
What are the three types of bacterial structures?
What are the three types of bacterial colony groups?
Cocci, spirilla, bacilli
Diplo, staphylo, strepto
Heterotroph:
Photoheterotrophs:
Photoautotroph:
Chemoautotroph:
H: Take in organic molecules from environment and organisms to use and both energy and carbon supply.
Ph: like heterotrophs but can also use light energy
Pa: use light energy to convert CO2 into carbon compounds
Ca: use energy released by chemical reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen sulfide.
Obligate aerobe:
Obligate anaerobe:
Facultative anaerobe:
WRequiring oxygen for cellular respiration
Fermentation; dies in presence of oxygen
Can either use cellular respiration or fermentation
Binary fission
Type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half producing two identical daughter cells.
Endospore:
Produced by prokaryotes in unfavourable conditions; a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm.
Conjugation:
Some paramecium and prokaryotes exchange genetic info (increases genetic diversity).
What are protists?
Unicellular and eukaryotic organisms
What are 4 animal like protists?
What are 3 plant like protists?
Whats the special, funky one?
Amoeba, paramecium, trichiomonas, tokophyra
Kelp, seaweed, algae
Euglena-flagella and chloroplasts
Describe a paramecium
Habitat, food, structure
- lives in fresh water and by decaying plant matter
- cilia
- trichicysts: capture prey, defensa, anchoring
- maco nucleus for metabolic processes, mico nucleus for reproduction
- eats protozoans, bacteria, algae
- contractile vacuole: rapidly contracts to expel water out of cell through pore. 5is adjusts water volume, maintains water to salt balance, and discrete water soluble waste.
Describe a Euglena
- motile flagella: whiplike and spirals for movement
- nucleus found a Center or anterior end
- contractile vacuole fuses with the permanent water reservoir near end (only exit)
- chloroplasts with chlorophyll to absorb light energy
- can survive with or without light (without it absorbs nutrients form decaying matter)
- stigma(eyespot)- light sensitive part that moves the euglena toward light
Describe an amoeba
- Pseodopodia: temporary protrusion of the surface of membrane for moment and feeding.
- Lives in fresh or salt water, Intestines of animals and humans
- phagocytosis: ingestión of bacteria
- Food is drawn into a cavity formed by plasma membrane (pseudopod). Food vacuole forms. Lysosome comes into contact with the vacuole and they fuse together. Enzymes break down food. Waste is expelled through reverse phagocytosis.
Name some flagellate protozoans
Euglena
Trichomonas
Volvox
Name some ameboids
Amoeba
Radiolarian
Name some ciliated protozoans
Paramecium
Tokophyra
What are the basic structures of fungi and their purpose?
Cup/cap/sac, gills, stock )fruiting body: contains and disperses spores. Gills disperse.
Hyphae: absorb nutrients )Mycellium: mass of hyphae where vegetative stuff happens (reproduction)
What class are fungi and can they move?
Eukaryotic and sessile
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
Heterotrophic: absorb nutrients by absorption
Saprophytic: secrete enzymes to break down dead organic material
Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living hosts
What are most fungi made up of?
Chitin- polymer of nitrogen containing glucose
Chitin makes exoskeletons of most insects
How do fungi reproduce?
Sexually: two mating types fuse to from a diploid zygote (diakaryotic stage: coexistence of two mating types nuclei)Right after fusion, the zygote undergoes meiosis to produce spores.
Asexually: spores
What are the 4 groups of fungi
Chytridomycetes, ascomycetes, zygomycota, basidiomycota
Describe Chytridomycetes:
- most primitive
- zoospores: motile very resistant
- synthesizes and release digestive enzymes that break down protective covers of other organisms
- anaerobic
Describe ascomycetes
- sac/ cup fungi
- reproduce asexually by digging or spores called conidia that pinch off the exposed ends of hyphae.
Describe zygomycota
- molds
- tough zoospores produces by sexual reproduction, can stay dormant longgggg
Describe basidiomycota
- club fungi
- Mushrooms
- 1/3 Of fungi
- fragmentation of conidia spore. Sexual spores found in club shaped cell calls basidium
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Spore
In prokaryotes, protists or fungi any of a variety of thick walled life cycle stages capable of surviving unfavourable conditions
