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Biology-12 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Heredity

A

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

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2
Q

Describe the law of dominance….

A

Some traits can mask other traits when both traits appear in the parents.

Ex: Red is dominant to white

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3
Q

Describe the law of segregation…..

A

During the formation of reproductive cells (sperm, egg) the paired factors (genes) separate from one another and then recombine.

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4
Q

Describe the law of independent assortment…

A

Each trait is inherited independent of one another

Exception: blond hair, blue eyes

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5
Q

Factor-
Gene-
Allele-

A

Describing a gene (mendels word)

Trait

A form of a trait

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6
Q

Describe incomplete dominance….

A

The two alleles are neither dominant or recessive. Both contribute to the phenotype of the offspring. (Blending)

Ex: Snap dragons

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7
Q

Describe co-dominance and multiple alleles….

A

Two alleles may contribute equally in the offspring and are both dominant. (No blending)

Example: speckled chicken produced from a black chicken and white chicken.

Or blood types (Type AB has both A and B)

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8
Q

Describe sex linked traits….

A

All organisms that reproduce sexually have a combination of X and Y chromosomes.

Male: XY Female: XX

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9
Q

Acquired trait

Inherited trait

A

Trait that has been learned
Ex: scars, attitude

Trait passed from parent to offspring (or from ancestor)
Ex: eye colour

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10
Q

Autosome

A

Non sex chromosome

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11
Q

Carrier

A

A female that carries a gene but does not express it in her phenotype.

Ex: Hemophilia (XRXr)

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12
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structure carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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13
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

Fertilization

A

During sexual reproduction, an egg and sperm combine to form a zygote

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15
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell (sperm or egg)

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16
Q

Genotype

A

Symbolic representation of a characteristic

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17
Q

Haploid

A

A cell that contains only a single set of genes

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

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19
Q

Homologous

A

Chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set from the female parent

20
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

21
Q

Karyotype

A

Micro graph showing the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes

22
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the chromosomes as the parent.

Formation of gamers

23
Q

Multiple alleles

A

3 or more alternative forms of a gene

24
Q

Non disjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during cell division.

25
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristic of an organism

26
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotype of a genetic trait from one generation to the next within a biological family

27
Q

Test cross

A

Genetic cross between homozygous recessive and a suspected heterozygous to determine the genotype of the later.

28
Q

Tetrads

A

4 chromatids in groups of 2 formed in prophase 1

29
Q

Synapsis

A

Fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis that enables crossing over to occur

30
Q

Cystic fibrosis cause and symptoms

A

Autosomal recessive Inherited disease passes a defective gene that causes buildup of thick mucus that can damage organs. Clogs lungs and is associated with digestive problems.

31
Q

Down syndrome causes and symptoms

A

Nondisjunction causes an extra chromosome 21 which leads to cognitive impairment, flattened facial appearance and upward slanted eyes.

32
Q

Hemophilia causes and symptoms

A

Sex linked trait that can lead to lack of blood clotting proteins. This creates excessive bleeding.

33
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome causes and symptoms

A

Due to non disjunction a big is born with an extra X chromosome resulting in small testicles, breasts and reduced muscle mass.

34
Q

Marfan syndrome causes and symptoms

A

Autosomal dominant: Mutation of gene that makes fibrin (protein in connective tissue) inherited from one parent. Leads to disproportionate legs and arms, heart murmurs, tall and slender build

35
Q

Turners syndrome

A

A female with only 1 X chromosome due to non disjunction. Girls affected are short, infertile and have heart defects.

36
Q

Huntington’s

A

Autosomal dominant disorder causing progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. Leads to uncontrollable movements, difficulty with speech, lack of awareness

37
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Autosomal recessive disease where abnormal (sickle shaped) hemoglobin are inherited. Causes fatigue, pooling if blood in spleen, low resistance to infection, and pain.

38
Q

Autosomal recessive

Autosomal dominant

A

Two copies of abnormal gene must be present in order to develop le disease.

One copy of abnormal gene from one parent needed to get disease.

39
Q

Two names of cells that become sperm and egg

A

Oogonial (overly)

Spermatogonial (testes)

Both diploid or 2n

40
Q

Describe meiosis 1

A

Interphase- DNA duplicates 46 chromosomes (92) chromatids
Prophase- DNA condenses and homologous pairs match up for crossing over to transfer genetic information.
Metaphase- Chromosomes in pairs at equator of cell
Anaphase- Chromosomes pulled away
Telophase and cytokinesis- 2 new nuclei form 2 new cells

41
Q

Describe meiosis 2

A

Prophase 2-Spindle form
Metaphase 2- Chromosomes lime up in single file line
Anaphase 2- Chromatids pulled away
Telophase 2 and cytokinesis- 4 haploid cells formed

42
Q

What is the meaning of each….

P
F1
F2

A

P=parental generation
F1- First filial generation
F2- Second filial generation

43
Q

Purebred

Hybrid

A

Organism that is the offspring of genetically similar parents that were both homozygous for a trait.

Organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents.

44
Q

Dominant

Recessive

A

Expressed in phenotype

Only expressed in phenotype when paired with another recessive allele

45
Q

Why do two heterozygous Tall plants create three tall and one short?

A

The paired genes separate and recombine. (Law of segregation)

TtxTt=TT, Tt,Tt,tt
3:1

Biology-12 (4 decks)

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