Plants Flashcards
Cuticle
Waxy layer covering the epidermis of plants that protects from water loss
Stomata
Microscopic opening bordered by guard cells in the leaves of plants through which gas exchange occurs
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Xylem and phloem
Xylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots upwards. It is responsible for replacing water loss through transpiration and photosynthesis.
Phloem: Translocates sugars made by photosynthetic areas of plants to storage organs like roots and bulbs.
Seed
An encapsulated plant embryo; a fertilization ovule of a plant
Spore
Small, single called reproductive body that is resistant to adverse conditions.
Alternation of generations
Life cycle that has two alternating phases- a haploid (N) phase and a diploid (2N) phase.
Photosynthesis
The process of procuring carbohydrates from light energy. Includes light independent and light dependent reactions.
6CO2 +6H2O—Light—> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Rhizoid
An outgrowth in a moss
Fruit
Sweet, fleshy product of a plant that contains a seed and can be eaten
Sorus (sori)
Little packets of sporangia (spores) found on the underside of the frond leaflets.
Sporophyte
The asexual and usually diploid phase that produces spores. Dominant in calcular plants.
Gametophyte
The gamete producing and usually haploid phase producing the zygote.
Cones
The dry fruit of a conifer that releases seeds
Ovary
Contains ovules where seeds are fertilized. Will mature into fruit!
Pollination
An animal usually an insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Transpiration
Loss of water from a plant through its leaves
Embryo
Part of a seed containing 1 or 2 cotyledons, tissues for leaves, roots and stems.
Cotyledon
The first leaf or pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant.
Pollen
Pollen tube
In seed plants the sperm producing male gametophytes.
In seed plants, a tube that forms when a pollen grain lands on the stigma and germinates. The tube grows to reach the egg inside an ovule, where fertilization occurs.
Germination
Resumption of growth of the plant embryo
Petiole
Thin stalk that connects the blade of a leaf to a stem
Archegonium
Antheridium
Egg producing structure, as in the moss life cycle
Sperm producing structure
Flower
Seed brewing part of a plant consisting of reproductive organs
What are the basic needs of a plant
Water, minerals, gas exchange, light
Non vascular plants
Lack vascular tissue and reproduce by releasing spores. Usually live in moist, cool, environments. (Mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
Non seed vascular plants
Require continuous film of water through which sperm swim to the egg. Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients throughout plant. Support allows them to grow tall. (ferns)
Seed plants
Vascular plants that produce naked seeds, as well as plants that produce flowers and have seeds enclosed in fruit. (Angiosperms or gymnosperms)
Fiddle head and habitat of fern
First appearance of a fern sporophyte. When the rhizome grows horizontally in the soil, new fiddleheads become new fronds.
What is the above part of a gametophyte called? Below?
Prothallus
Thallus (arch and anth)
Describe gymnosperms (evergreens)
- seed coat
- stored food help survive conditions
- adapted for cold/ dry weather
- tough needle like leaves conserve water with thick cuticle and recessed stomata
- naked seeds in cones
Pollen cone
Seed cones
Small, near tip of lower branches
Bigger, near tip of higher branches
Epidermis
Veins
Cutin
Protective layer
Transports needed materials throughout leaf
Protects from water loss
Guard cells
Palisade layer and spongy layer
Controls stromatolites opening and closing
Photosynthesis cells
What is the method of reproduction for non vascular plants
Spores
Compare gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gymno
- Naked seeds in cones
- Evergreen/ conifers
- Wind pollination
- Needles, thick cuticle, seed coat
Angio
- Flowers and fruit
- Monocots/ dicots
- ovary
- seeds develop in chamber
Annuals
Perennials
Biannuals
Live for one growing season then die
Come back every spring
Takes two years to complete its lifestyle. First years it’s small, second year it grows taller.
Monocots characteristics
Single cotyledon Parallel veins Petals in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered Fibrous roots
Examples orchids and iris
Dicots traits
Two cotyledons Branched veins Petals in multiples of 4,5 Vascular ring Taproot examples roses and maple tree
Function of roots, stems, veins and leaves
- Support plant, anchor it, store food, and absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil.
- Produces leaves, branches, flowers; hold leaves upward to sun; transport substances through plants.
- transport water through xylem and nutrients through phloem
- photosynthesis and gas exchange
Taproot
Fibrous root
Straight tapering root growing vertically downward. (Dicots)
Grow downward and outward with repeating branches to form a mass of roots
Dermal tissue
Covers a plant almost like skin
Vascular tissue
Forms a pipeline system that supports the plant by transporting water and nutrients
Ground tissue
Produces and stores food
Trichomes
Tiny projections that help protect the leaf and may give it a fuzzy feel
Meristem
Region of unspecialized cells responsible for continuing growth throughout a lifetime. Found in places where plants grow rapidly aka tips, roots, stems.
Nodes
Buds
Part of a growing stem where a leaf is attached
Plant structure containing apical meristem tissue that can produce new stems and leaves.
Blade
Thin, flattened part of a plant leaf
Describe the moss lifecycle
Spores germinate into a young haploid gametophyte. Male gametophytes (anth) release sperm that enter the female gametophyte (arch) by swimming. A zygote is formed and enters the diploid phase. A young sporophyte sprouts into a stalk and capsule or mature sporophyte. The capsule release spores and the cycle continues.
Describe the fern life cycle
The underside of a front had sori, which are packets of spores. In the sporangium spores undergo meiosis and become diploid. They are released and germinate into the gametophyte. The prothallus has archegonium and antheridium (tip). The flagellated sperm swim to the eggs during moisture. The fertilized sporophyte zygote becomes diploid. First leaf grows out of the archegonium and roots develop under. Sporophyte develops a rhizome from which fronts project.
Describe the life cycle of a coniferous plant
The pollen cone has ovules containing a microsporocyte that under goes meiosis to become a pollen grain. The seed cones have ovules with mega spores that undergo meiosis to create 4 megaspores. A pollen grain blown by wind lands near and egg and is brought to the ovule. A pollen tube will carry two haploid sperm to the egg. One will fertilize it and become a seed made with embryo, stored food and a seed coat. The seed will grow into a sporophyte.
What are some plant adaptations?
- Thin leaves have a thick cuticle to conserve water loss
- Broad leaves capture sunlight/absorbs water
- Carnivorous eat insects in nitrogen poor locations
- Parasitic uses a host for necessary minerals for growth
