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MEC322 > Taxonomy > Flashcards

Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

6 levels of organisation

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organismal
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2
Q

Chemical level includes:

A

Molecules and Atoms

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3
Q

Cells are ___ in the human body

A

the smallest living unit

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4
Q

Definition of tissues

A

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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5
Q

4 basic tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscular tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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6
Q

Definition of organs

A

Composed of two or more different types of tissues, and have specific functions.

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7
Q

Systems consist of…

A

related organs that have a common function.

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8
Q

11 organ systems:

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Male/Female reproductive
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9
Q

Integumentary system function:

A

Forms the external body covering; protects
deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes
vitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors
(pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.

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10
Q

Skeletal system function:

A

Protects and supports body organs; provides a
framework the muscles use to cause movement;
blood cells are formed within bones; stores
minerals.

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11
Q

Muscular system function:

A

Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression; maintains
posture; produces heat.

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12
Q

Nervous system function:

A

Fast-acting control system of the body;
responds to internal and external changes by
activating appropriate muscles and glands.

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13
Q

Endocrine system function:

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction, and
nutrient use by body cells.

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14
Q

Cardiovascular system function:

A

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.;
the heart pumps blood.

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15
Q

Lymphatic system function:

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells
involved in immunity.

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16
Q

Respiratory system function:

A

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous
exchanges occur through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs.

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17
Q

Digestive system function:

A

Breaks food down into absorbable units that
enter the blood for distribution to body cells;
indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

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18
Q

Urinary system function:

A

Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from
the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance of the blood.

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19
Q

Reproductive system function:

A

Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.

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20
Q

5 life processes:

A
  1. Responsiveness
  2. Growth
  3. Reproduction
  4. Movement
  5. Metabolism
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21
Q

Responsiveness (aka irritability)

A

Doing something in response to a change in the immediate environment.

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22
Q

Adaptability

A

Capacity to make longer–term adjustments.

23
Q

Growth

A

An increase in organism size accomplished by:

  1. Growth of cells or
  2. Addition of new cells
24
Q

Differentiation

A

Process of individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions.

25
Q

Reproduction

A

Creation of new generations of similar organisms.

26
Q

Movement

A

May be internal or external

  • Internal: transporting blood, food, or other material within the body
  • External: moving through the environment
27
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all chemical operations in the body.

28
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions.

29
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Pathway from a receptor to the control centre in a feedback system.

30
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Pathway from the control centre to an effector in a feedback system.

31
Q

Anatomical position:

A

Erect facing observer, eyes facing forward and head level.
Lower limbs parallel with feet flat and forward.
Upper limbs to the side with palms forward.

32
Q

Prone

A

Body lying face down

33
Q

Supine

A

Body lying face up

34
Q

5 major anatomical regions:

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Trunk
  4. Upper limbs
  5. Lower limbs
35
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head/upper body structure

36
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head/upper body structure

37
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer to/at the front of the body

38
Q

Posterior

A

Nearer to/at the back of the body

39
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline

40
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline/midsaggital plane

41
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

42
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side as another structure

43
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side to another structure

44
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk

45
Q

Distal

A

Further from the attachment of the limb to the trunk

46
Q

Superficial

A

Towards/on the surface of the body

47
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

48
Q

4 major planes

A
  1. Saggital (divides into left/right)
  2. Frontal/coronal (divides into anterior/posterior)
  3. Transverse (divides into superior/inferior)
  4. Oblique (angular)
49
Q

Midsaggital v parasaggital

A

Mids. - Divides body/organ into equal left and right sides

Paras. - Divides body/organ into unequal left and right sides

50
Q

2 major cavities, providing varying degrees of protection to organs

A
  1. Dorsal

2. Ventral

51
Q

Dorsal cavity consists of:

A
  1. Cranial cavity

2. Spinal cavity

52
Q

Ventral cavity consists of:

A
  1. Thoracic cavity (superior to diaphragm)

2. Abdominopelvic cavity (inferior to diaphragm)

53
Q

Other body cavities

A
  1. Oral and digestive cavities
  2. Nasal cavity
  3. Orbital cavities
  4. Middle ear cavities

MEC322 (6 decks)

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