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MEC322 > Cells, tissues and skin > Flashcards

Cells, tissues and skin Flashcards

1
Q

Largest v smallest cell

A

Neuron (axon 1m+) & red blood cell (8micrometers)

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2
Q

3 main parts of a cell

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm (cytosol & organelles)
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3
Q

Plasma membrane function:

A

Regulates flow of materials in and out of cell. Also plays key role in communication between cells - external environment.

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4
Q

The basic framework of the plasma membrane, the lipid bilayer, consists of…

A

Two tail-to-tail consisting of three different lipid molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids.

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5
Q

Integral proteins:

A

Extend through lipid bilayer.

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins:

A

Loosely attached to exterior/interior membrane surface.

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7
Q

Selectively permeable membrane:

A

Some substances pass through unrestricted, others don’t.

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8
Q

Lipid bilayer is permeable to:

A

Water and nonpolar (lipid-soluble) molecules.

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9
Q

Lipid bilayer is impermeable to:

A

Ions and large, uncharged polar molecules.

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10
Q

Integral proteins allow ___ to cross the membrane

A

small/medium-sized water-soluble materials.

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11
Q

Intercellular fluid (ICF) makes up __ of all body fluid volume.

A

~2/3

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12
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of:

A
  1. Interstitial fluid - ECF between cells in tissues
  2. Blood plasma - ECF in blood vessels
  3. Lymph - ECF in lymphatic vessels
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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds…

A

the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Solute

A

Any material dissolved in a fluid

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15
Q

Solvent

A

Fluid that dissolves materials

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16
Q

Two movement methods across plasma membrane

A

Passive and active processes

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17
Q

How do passive processes work?

A

Substance moves down its concentration gradient through the membrane, using its own kinetic energy (simple diffusion and osmosis)

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18
Q

How do active processes work?

A

Cellular energy, usually in the form ATPm ‘‘pushes’’ the substance through the membrane, against its concentration gradient.

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Areas of high concentration move to areas of low concentration.

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20
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Diffusion across membrane through lipid bilayer.

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21
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Integral protein (either a membrane channel or a carrier) assists a specific substance across the membrane.

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from low to high solute concentration area).

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23
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Cells maintain their normal shape and volume.

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24
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower concentration of solutes.

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25
Hypertonic solution
Higher concentration of solutes.
26
Dialysis
Diffusion, good for small molecules.
27
(Ultra)filtration
Convection; solute + fluid removal across a semi-permeable membrane down a pressure gradient. Better for medium size molecules.
28
Urea reduction ratio (URR)
Measure of effectiveness for dialysis. Generally above 60% is favourable.
29
(K*t)/V
``` K = dialyser clearance (ml/min) t = time (duration of treatment) v = volume of water in patients body ```
30
Vesicle
Small round sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane.
31
Endocytosis
Materials moved into a cell in a formed vesicle.
32
Exocytosis
Materials moved out of cell by fusion of a vesicle.
33
Types of Endocytosis
1. Phagocytosis ('cell eating') - Large solid particles taken in by cell 2. Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis/'cell drinking') - Tiny droplets of ECF taken up by cell.
34
Primary body tissues
1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium) … cover 2. Connective tissue … compose 3. Muscle tissue … contract 4. Nervous tissue … call (signal)
35
Epithelial tissue locations
Body coverings Body linings Glandular tissue
36
Epithelial tissue functions
Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion
37
Epithelial tissue characteristics
- Cells fit closely, often form sheets - Avascular - Regenerate easily
38
Apical surface
Free surface of epithilium
39
Basal surface
Lower epithilium surface
40
Connective tissue functions
- Provides protection - Binds body tissues together - Supports the body
41
Extracellular matrix
Nonliving material that surrounds living cells.
42
Extracellular matrix elements
1. Ground substance - mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules 2. Fibres - produced by cells
43
ECM Fibre types
1. Collagen (white) fibres 2. Elastin (yellow) fibres 3. Reticular fibres (type of collagen)
44
Three connective tissue types
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue
45
Connective tissue proper types
Loose and dense
46
Fluid connective tissue types
Blood and lymph
47
Supporting connective tissue types
Cartilage and bone
48
Loose connective tissue types
``` Areolar tissue (Most widely distributed/functions as 'glue' for organs) Adipose tissue (fatty globules, insulates/protects/fuel storage) Reticular (network of interwoven fibres) ```
49
What is the lamina propria?
Layers of areolar tissue that underlie all membranes. Can soak up excess fluid which causes edema.
50
What is the stroma?
Internal framework of reticular connective tissue in organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen.
51
What are signet ring cells?
Large lipid deposits within adipose tissue. Named because the nucleus sits to one side.
52
Dense connective tissue locations
Tendons, ligaments and dermis
53
What is blood (fluid connective tissue) also known as?
Vascular tissue
54
What is bone (supporting connective tissue) also known as?
Osseous tissue
55
What is bone composed of?
Large number of collagen fibres, with a hard matrix of calcium salts. Osteocytes are located within the lacunae.
56
What is the majority cell type in cartilage?
Chondrocyte
57
What is the most widespread type of cartilage?
Hyaline (larynx and entire fetal skeleton)
58
Other types of cartilage
Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage
59
Three types of muscle tissue
1. Skeletal muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth muscle
60
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
- Striations - multinucleate - long,cylindrical shape
61
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
- Striations - Uninucleate, short, branching cells - Intercalated discs with gap junctions
62
Characteristics of smooth (visceral) muscle
- No visible striations - Uninucleate - Spindle-shaped cells
63
What is peristalsis?
The typical wavelike activity of smooth muscle tissue in the walls of hollow organs
64
What are neuroglia?
Nervous tissue supporting cells that insulate and protect
65
What composes the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, oil/sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors
66
What is the thickness of skin?
1.5mm (scalp) - 4mm (back)
67
What is the total body weight of skin?
16%, single heaviest organ
68
What are the 5 major functions of skin?
1. Body temp regulation 2. Synthesis of vitamin D 3. Protection 4. Cutaneous sensations 5. Excretion and absorption
69
What is the function of lamellar granules?
The release of lipids which inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface.
70
What 2 main parts does the skin consist of structurally?
1. The epidermis (thin, superficial, epithelial tissue) | 2. The dermis (deeper, thicker, dense irregular connective tissue)
71
What is the subcutaneous?
A layer below the dermis but not part of the skin. Also known as the hypodermis.
72
What is the epidermis composed of?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
73
What are Keratinocytes?
90% of epidermal cells, arranged in 4/5 layers and produce keratin
74
What are Melaocytes?
8% of cells and produce melanin
75
What do inraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells) participate in?
Immune responses
76
What is the purpose of tactile epithelial cells?
Detect touch
77
What are the 4 strata/layers of the epidermis and their functions?
1. Stratum basale - deepest 2. Stratum spinosum - strength and flexibility 3. Stratum granulosum - keratinocytes undergo apoptosis here 4. Stratum corneum - most superficial
78
What is the 5th layer of skin on the palms and soles?
Stratum lucidum (between granulosum and corneum)
79
How much of the whole-body protein content is collagen?
25-35%
80
How many types of collagen are there?
29 (differing in amino acid composition and arrangement)
81
What are the functions of the 5 main types of collagen?
1. 90% of all human collagen; skin, tendon, bone 2. Cartilage 3. Reticulate (commonly alongside type 1) 4. Basis of cell basement membranes 5. Cell surfaces, hair, placenta
82
How are fibres formed?
Fibils aggregate
83
How is a network formed?
Either from fibres or alternative fibrils, may be modified through cross-linking

MEC322 (6 decks)

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