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MEC322 > Cells, tissues and skin > Flashcards

Cells, tissues and skin Flashcards

1
Q

Largest v smallest cell

A

Neuron (axon 1m+) & red blood cell (8micrometers)

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2
Q

3 main parts of a cell

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm (cytosol & organelles)
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3
Q

Plasma membrane function:

A

Regulates flow of materials in and out of cell. Also plays key role in communication between cells - external environment.

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4
Q

The basic framework of the plasma membrane, the lipid bilayer, consists of…

A

Two tail-to-tail consisting of three different lipid molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids.

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5
Q

Integral proteins:

A

Extend through lipid bilayer.

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins:

A

Loosely attached to exterior/interior membrane surface.

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7
Q

Selectively permeable membrane:

A

Some substances pass through unrestricted, others don’t.

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8
Q

Lipid bilayer is permeable to:

A

Water and nonpolar (lipid-soluble) molecules.

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9
Q

Lipid bilayer is impermeable to:

A

Ions and large, uncharged polar molecules.

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10
Q

Integral proteins allow ___ to cross the membrane

A

small/medium-sized water-soluble materials.

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11
Q

Intercellular fluid (ICF) makes up __ of all body fluid volume.

A

~2/3

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12
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of:

A
  1. Interstitial fluid - ECF between cells in tissues
  2. Blood plasma - ECF in blood vessels
  3. Lymph - ECF in lymphatic vessels
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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds…

A

the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Solute

A

Any material dissolved in a fluid

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15
Q

Solvent

A

Fluid that dissolves materials

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16
Q

Two movement methods across plasma membrane

A

Passive and active processes

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17
Q

How do passive processes work?

A

Substance moves down its concentration gradient through the membrane, using its own kinetic energy (simple diffusion and osmosis)

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18
Q

How do active processes work?

A

Cellular energy, usually in the form ATPm ‘‘pushes’’ the substance through the membrane, against its concentration gradient.

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Areas of high concentration move to areas of low concentration.

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20
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Diffusion across membrane through lipid bilayer.

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21
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Integral protein (either a membrane channel or a carrier) assists a specific substance across the membrane.

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from low to high solute concentration area).

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23
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Cells maintain their normal shape and volume.

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24
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower concentration of solutes.

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25
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher concentration of solutes.

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26
Q

Dialysis

A

Diffusion, good for small molecules.

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27
Q

(Ultra)filtration

A

Convection; solute + fluid removal across a semi-permeable membrane down a pressure gradient. Better for medium size molecules.

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28
Q

Urea reduction ratio (URR)

A

Measure of effectiveness for dialysis. Generally above 60% is favourable.

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29
Q

(K*t)/V

A 
K = dialyser clearance (ml/min)
t = time (duration of treatment) 
v = volume of water in patients body
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30
Q

Vesicle

A

Small round sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane.

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31
Q

Endocytosis

A

Materials moved into a cell in a formed vesicle.

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32
Q

Exocytosis

A

Materials moved out of cell by fusion of a vesicle.

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33
Q

Types of Endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis (‘cell eating’) - Large solid particles taken in by cell
  2. Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis/’cell drinking’) - Tiny droplets of ECF taken up by cell.
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34
Q

Primary body tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium) … cover
  2. Connective tissue … compose
  3. Muscle tissue … contract
  4. Nervous tissue … call (signal)
35
Q

Epithelial tissue locations

A

Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissue

36
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion

37
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A
  • Cells fit closely, often form sheets
  • Avascular
  • Regenerate easily
38
Q

Apical surface

A

Free surface of epithilium

39
Q

Basal surface

A

Lower epithilium surface

40
Q

Connective tissue functions

A
  • Provides protection
  • Binds body tissues together
  • Supports the body
41
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Nonliving material that surrounds living cells.

42
Q

Extracellular matrix elements

A
  1. Ground substance - mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
  2. Fibres - produced by cells
43
Q

ECM Fibre types

A
  1. Collagen (white) fibres
  2. Elastin (yellow) fibres
  3. Reticular fibres (type of collagen)
44
Q

Three connective tissue types

A

Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue

45
Q

Connective tissue proper types

A

Loose and dense

46
Q

Fluid connective tissue types

A

Blood and lymph

47
Q

Supporting connective tissue types

A

Cartilage and bone

48
Q

Loose connective tissue types

A 
Areolar tissue (Most widely distributed/functions as 'glue' for organs)
Adipose tissue (fatty globules, insulates/protects/fuel storage)
Reticular (network of interwoven fibres)
49
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Layers of areolar tissue that underlie all membranes. Can soak up excess fluid which causes edema.

50
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Internal framework of reticular connective tissue in organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen.

51
Q

What are signet ring cells?

A

Large lipid deposits within adipose tissue. Named because the nucleus sits to one side.

52
Q

Dense connective tissue locations

A

Tendons, ligaments and dermis

53
Q

What is blood (fluid connective tissue) also known as?

A

Vascular tissue

54
Q

What is bone (supporting connective tissue) also known as?

A

Osseous tissue

55
Q

What is bone composed of?

A

Large number of collagen fibres, with a hard matrix of calcium salts. Osteocytes are located within the lacunae.

56
Q

What is the majority cell type in cartilage?

A

Chondrocyte

57
Q

What is the most widespread type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline (larynx and entire fetal skeleton)

58
Q

Other types of cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage

59
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
60
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • Striations
  • multinucleate
  • long,cylindrical shape
61
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • Striations
  • Uninucleate, short, branching cells
  • Intercalated discs with gap junctions
62
Q

Characteristics of smooth (visceral) muscle

A
  • No visible striations
  • Uninucleate
  • Spindle-shaped cells
63
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The typical wavelike activity of smooth muscle tissue in the walls of hollow organs

64
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Nervous tissue supporting cells that insulate and protect

65
Q

What composes the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, oil/sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors

66
Q

What is the thickness of skin?

A

1.5mm (scalp) - 4mm (back)

67
Q

What is the total body weight of skin?

A

16%, single heaviest organ

68
Q

What are the 5 major functions of skin?

A
  1. Body temp regulation
  2. Synthesis of vitamin D
  3. Protection
  4. Cutaneous sensations
  5. Excretion and absorption
69
Q

What is the function of lamellar granules?

A

The release of lipids which inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface.

70
Q

What 2 main parts does the skin consist of structurally?

A
  1. The epidermis (thin, superficial, epithelial tissue)

2. The dermis (deeper, thicker, dense irregular connective tissue)

71
Q

What is the subcutaneous?

A

A layer below the dermis but not part of the skin. Also known as the hypodermis.

72
Q

What is the epidermis composed of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

73
Q

What are Keratinocytes?

A

90% of epidermal cells, arranged in 4/5 layers and produce keratin

74
Q

What are Melaocytes?

A

8% of cells and produce melanin

75
Q

What do inraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells) participate in?

A

Immune responses

76
Q

What is the purpose of tactile epithelial cells?

A

Detect touch

77
Q

What are the 4 strata/layers of the epidermis and their functions?

A
  1. Stratum basale - deepest
  2. Stratum spinosum - strength and flexibility
  3. Stratum granulosum - keratinocytes undergo apoptosis here
  4. Stratum corneum - most superficial
78
Q

What is the 5th layer of skin on the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum (between granulosum and corneum)

79
Q

How much of the whole-body protein content is collagen?

A

25-35%

80
Q

How many types of collagen are there?

A

29 (differing in amino acid composition and arrangement)

81
Q

What are the functions of the 5 main types of collagen?

A
  1. 90% of all human collagen; skin, tendon, bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Reticulate (commonly alongside type 1)
  4. Basis of cell basement membranes
  5. Cell surfaces, hair, placenta
82
Q

How are fibres formed?

A

Fibils aggregate

83
Q

How is a network formed?

A

Either from fibres or alternative fibrils, may be modified through cross-linking

MEC322 (6 decks)

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