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MEC322 > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the spatial subdivision of the skeleton?

A
  1. Axial

2. Appendicular

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2
Q

Skeletal system components

A

Bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments

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3
Q

Skeletal system functions

A
  • Support & protection
  • Allow movement in conjunction with muscles
  • Store minerals and fats
  • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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4
Q

Two basic types of bone tissue

A
  1. Compact (dense, smooth, homogeneous)

2. Spongy bone (small, many open spaces)

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5
Q

Types of bone

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
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6
Q

Long bone characteristics

A
  • Shaf with heads at both ends

- Mostly compact bone

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7
Q

Short bone characteristics

A
  • Generally cube-shaped

- Mostly spongy bone

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8
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

A type of short bone that form within tendons

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9
Q

Flat bone characteristics

A
  • Thin, flattened, usually curved

- Two thin layers of compact bone surrounding spongy bone

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10
Q

What is the Diaphysis?

A

The shaft of long bones. Makes up most of their length and is composed of compact bone.

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11
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The outside covering of the diaphysis. Fibrous connective tissue membrane that are secured to the underlying bone by perforating (Sharpey’s) fibres.

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12
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

Ends of long bones. Mostly spongy bone enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone.

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13
Q

What is the articular cartilage?

A

Made of hyaline cartilage and covers the external surface of the epiphyses to decrease friction.

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14
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone and causes lengthwise growth.

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15
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate seen in adult bones.

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16
Q

What is the marrow (medullary) cavity?

A

Cavity inside of the shaft of long bones containing mostly yellow marrow in adults. Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants.

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17
Q

What is an osteon?

A

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings.

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18
Q

What is the central (Haversian) canal?

A

An opening in the centre of an osteon which carries blood vessels and nerves lengthwise through bone.

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19
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Cavities in which Osteocytes are situated.

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20
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Concentric rings of lacunae, situated in rings around the Haversian canals.

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21
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Maintains bone tissue, formed from osteoblasts

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22
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone-forming cells

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23
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of bone composed of?

A
  • Water
  • Collagen fibres (+other organic molecules) that provide tensile strength
  • Crystallized mineral salts, give bone its hardness
24
Q

What is ossification?

A

The process of bone formation, occurs on hyaline cartilage models/fibrous membranes.

25
Q

What is the endochondral ossification mode?

A

‘Through cartilage’ mode. Osteoblasts cover hyaline cartilage, which is digested, exposing the medullary cavity.

26
Q

What are the two factors that cause bone remodelling?

A
  1. Blood calsium levels

2. Pull of gravity/muscles

27
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Is release when blood calcium levels are low to activate osteoclasts, which return calcium the blood.

28
Q

What does hypercalcemia do?

A

Prompts calcium storage to bones to reduce calcium levels.

29
Q

What is osteoperosis?

A

Bone-thinning disease.

30
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Vertebral collapse caused by osteoperosis (dowager’s hump).

31
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Vertebral collapse caused by osteoperosis (dowager’s hump).

32
Q

What two phases are there in bone bio-mechanics?

A

Mineral (strong & brittle) and collagen (weak & ductile).

33
Q

Which 4 fracture types are there?

A

Transverse (tension), oblique (compression), butterfly (bending), spiral (torsion).

34
Q

What is the definition of a join (aka articulation)?

A

A point of contact between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bone.

35
Q

What are the two criteria for structural classification between joints?

A
  1. Presence/absence of a space (synovial cavity)

2. Type of connective tissue

36
Q

What are the three types of joint classification?

A
  1. Fibrous joints - no synovial cavity + bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue
  2. Cartilaginous joints - no synovial cavity + bones held together by cartilage
  3. Synovial joints - united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule + often by ligaments
37
Q

What is functional classification?

A

Classification based on degree of movement allowed.

38
Q

What are the 3 functional classification types?

A
  1. Synarthrosis - immovable
  2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
  3. Diarthrosis - freely movable
39
Q

How does the synovial cavity allow for free movement?

A

The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which forms a film over the articular capsule.

40
Q

What are the six types of synovial joint?

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condylar
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball-and-socket
41
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths

42
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Imflammatory/degenerative diseases of joints

43
Q

What is movement in the sagittal plane called?

A

Flexion (decreased angle between body parts) - extension (increased angle)

44
Q

What are movements of the foot in the sagittal plane called?

A

Dorsiflexion (towards leg) - Plantarflexion (away from leg)

45
Q

What is movement in the coronal plane called?

A

Abduction (away from midline) - adduction (toward midline)

46
Q

What is movement of the hand in the coronal plane called?

A

Ulnar- and radial deviation (towards bone named)

47
Q

What is movement of the foot in the coronal plane called?

A

Eversion (outwards) - inversion (inwards)

48
Q

What is rotation in the transverse plane of the shoulders and hips?

A

Internal - external

49
Q

What is rotation in the transverse plane of the wrist called?

A

Pronation (palm ‘down’) - supination (palm ‘up’)

50
Q

What are the eight biphasic mixtures (colloids) called?

A 
Solid - with solid: solid sol
         - with liquid: gel
         - with gas: solid foam
Liquid - with solid: sol
           - with liquid: emulsion
           - with gas: foam
Gas - with solid: solid aerosol
        - with liquid: aerosol
51
Q

What lead to the first successful attempts at orthopaedic implant surgery?

A

Aseptic surgery techniques in the 1860s

52
Q

What is the definition of bio-compatibility?

A

Material that induces no measurable harm to the host. includes chemical interactions and physical impacts

53
Q

What are essential considerations in design of metallic Biomaterials?

A
  1. Excellent biocompatibility (non-toxic)
  2. High corrosion resistance
  3. Suitable mechanical properties
  4. High wear resistance
  5. Osseo-integration (in the case of bone prosthetics)
54
Q

Why do stainess steel implants tend to fail?

A

Fatigue (poor machining)

55
Q

Why are cobalt based alloys better than stainless steel?

A

Better corrosion resistance, fatigue and wear.

56
Q

Why are titanium alloys not as widely used?

A

Superior in biocompatibility (excellent corrosion resistance), but know to cause allergic reactions and not as much long-term clinical data, as well as poor shear strength and wear resistance.

MEC322 (6 decks)

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