1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular

Skeletal Flashcards by William Robertson

What are the components of the spatial subdivision of the skeleton?

Axial

2. Appendicular

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Skeletal system components

Bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments

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Skeletal system functions

Support & protection
Allow movement in conjunction with muscles
Store minerals and fats
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

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Two basic types of bone tissue

Compact (dense, smooth, homogeneous)

2. Spongy bone (small, many open spaces)

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Types of bone

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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Long bone characteristics

Shaf with heads at both ends

- Mostly compact bone

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Short bone characteristics

Generally cube-shaped

- Mostly spongy bone

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What are sesamoid bones?

A type of short bone that form within tendons

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Flat bone characteristics

Thin, flattened, usually curved

- Two thin layers of compact bone surrounding spongy bone

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What is the Diaphysis?

The shaft of long bones. Makes up most of their length and is composed of compact bone.

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What is the periosteum?

The outside covering of the diaphysis. Fibrous connective tissue membrane that are secured to the underlying bone by perforating (Sharpey’s) fibres.

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What is the epiphysis?

Ends of long bones. Mostly spongy bone enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone.

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What is the articular cartilage?

Made of hyaline cartilage and covers the external surface of the epiphyses to decrease friction.

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What is the epiphyseal plate?

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone and causes lengthwise growth.

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What is the epiphyseal line?

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate seen in adult bones.

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What is the marrow (medullary) cavity?

Cavity inside of the shaft of long bones containing mostly yellow marrow in adults. Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants.

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What is an osteon?

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings.

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What is the central (Haversian) canal?

An opening in the centre of an osteon which carries blood vessels and nerves lengthwise through bone.

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What are lacunae?

Cavities in which Osteocytes are situated.

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What are lamellae?

Concentric rings of lacunae, situated in rings around the Haversian canals.

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What are osteocytes?

Maintains bone tissue, formed from osteoblasts

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What are osteoblasts?

Bone-forming cells

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What is the extracellular matrix of bone composed of?

Water
Collagen fibres (+other organic molecules) that provide tensile strength
Crystallized mineral salts, give bone its hardness

What is ossification?

The process of bone formation, occurs on hyaline cartilage models/fibrous membranes.

What is the endochondral ossification mode?

'Through cartilage' mode. Osteoblasts cover hyaline cartilage, which is digested, exposing the medullary cavity.

What are the two factors that cause bone remodelling?

1. Blood calsium levels | 2. Pull of gravity/muscles

What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Is release when blood calcium levels are low to activate osteoclasts, which return calcium the blood.

What does hypercalcemia do?

Prompts calcium storage to bones to reduce calcium levels.

What is osteoperosis?

Bone-thinning disease.

What is kyphosis?

Vertebral collapse caused by osteoperosis (dowager's hump).

What is kyphosis?

Vertebral collapse caused by osteoperosis (dowager's hump).

What two phases are there in bone bio-mechanics?

Mineral (strong & brittle) and collagen (weak & ductile).

Which 4 fracture types are there?

Transverse (tension), oblique (compression), butterfly (bending), spiral (torsion).

What is the definition of a join (aka articulation)?

A point of contact between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bone.

What are the two criteria for structural classification between joints?

1. Presence/absence of a space (synovial cavity) | 2. Type of connective tissue

What are the three types of joint classification?

1. Fibrous joints - no synovial cavity + bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue 2. Cartilaginous joints - no synovial cavity + bones held together by cartilage 3. Synovial joints - united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule + often by ligaments

What is functional classification?

Classification based on degree of movement allowed.

What are the 3 functional classification types?

1. Synarthrosis - immovable 2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable 3. Diarthrosis - freely movable

How does the synovial cavity allow for free movement?

The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which forms a film over the articular capsule.

What are the six types of synovial joint?

1. Plane 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condylar 5. Saddle 6. Ball-and-socket

What is tendonitis?

Inflammation of tendon sheaths

What is arthritis?

Imflammatory/degenerative diseases of joints

What is movement in the sagittal plane called?

Flexion (decreased angle between body parts) - extension (increased angle)

What are movements of the foot in the sagittal plane called?

Dorsiflexion (towards leg) - Plantarflexion (away from leg)

What is movement in the coronal plane called?

Abduction (away from midline) - adduction (toward midline)

What is movement of the hand in the coronal plane called?

Ulnar- and radial deviation (towards bone named)

What is movement of the foot in the coronal plane called?

Eversion (outwards) - inversion (inwards)

What is rotation in the transverse plane of the shoulders and hips?

Internal - external

What is rotation in the transverse plane of the wrist called?

Pronation (palm 'down') - supination (palm 'up')

What are the eight biphasic mixtures (colloids) called?

``` Solid - with solid: solid sol - with liquid: gel - with gas: solid foam Liquid - with solid: sol - with liquid: emulsion - with gas: foam Gas - with solid: solid aerosol - with liquid: aerosol ```

What lead to the first successful attempts at orthopaedic implant surgery?

Aseptic surgery techniques in the 1860s

What is the definition of bio-compatibility?

Material that induces no measurable harm to the host. includes chemical interactions and physical impacts

What are essential considerations in design of metallic Biomaterials?

1. Excellent biocompatibility (non-toxic) 2. High corrosion resistance 3. Suitable mechanical properties 4. High wear resistance 5. Osseo-integration (in the case of bone prosthetics)

Why do stainess steel implants tend to fail?

Fatigue (poor machining)

Why are cobalt based alloys better than stainless steel?

Better corrosion resistance, fatigue and wear.

Why are titanium alloys not as widely used?

Superior in biocompatibility (excellent corrosion resistance), but know to cause allergic reactions and not as much long-term clinical data, as well as poor shear strength and wear resistance.