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SBI 3U > Taxonomy > Flashcards

Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

Uses photons, bright light is focused and condensed to pass through an object

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2
Q

Name the 3 types of light microscopes

A
  1. Compound bright-field: most common
  2. Stereo / Dissecting: Larger working distance
  3. Phase contact: changes the light do that some parts of an object seem bigger
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3
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes? (4)

A
  1. Can use live specimen
  2. Can use in vivo staining techniques –> to observe uptake of pigments by cells
  3. cheap
  4. Useful in education and medicine
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4
Q

What is magnification?

A

It is when you make an object appear bigger - most light microscopes can magnify greater that 1000x

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5
Q

What is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between objects

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6
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A
  • Have a greater magnification
  • Use beams of electrons and electronically magnify the image
  • Electrons have a shorter wavelength than visible light and thus they can pass between and bounce off objects
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7
Q

What are the types of electron microscopes?

A
  1. SEM - scanning electron microscope

2. TEM - Transmission electron microscope

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8
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • very high magnification: 2,000,000x

- used to view cell parts, microorganisms

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • very expensive
  • require high level of skill
  • subject to vibrations
  • specimen is often destroyed
  • sample must be viewed in a vacuum - the air will scatter the electrons
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10
Q

What are the tasks of living cells?

A
  • Obtain food and energy
  • Convert energy into a usable form in the cell
  • Construct cell structures
  • Chemical reactions
  • Eliminate wastes
  • Reproduce
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11
Q

What are organelles?

A

A specialized structure within a cell with a specific function ie. nucleus

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12
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

a cell that lacks a nucleus or other membrane bound organelle ie. some bacterial cells

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13
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and organelles

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14
Q

What type of cells belong to multi cellular organisms?

A

Eykaryotic

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15
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

“the science of classifying organisms” Sorting species into groups based on similar structural features - the more similar the closer the relationship

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16
Q

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A
  • a method of naming organisms by using a two part name
    1. Genus - a small group of related species
    2. Species - a group of organisms that look a like and can interbreed
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17
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A
  1. animalia
  2. Plantae
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Eubacteria / Monera
  6. Archaebacteria
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Animalia and Plantae?

A

Multi cellular, reproduce sexually, primarily terrestrial

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Fungi and Protista?

A

reproduce sexually and asexually, like moist habitats

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?

A

prokaryotic, autotrophs or heterotrophs, reproduce asexually,

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21
Q

What is the Linnaean system of classification?

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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22
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

hypothesis about the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

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23
Q

What are characteristics of archaebacteria?

A
  • prokaryotic
  • unicellular
  • autotrophs or heterotrophs
  • asexual
  • cell wall is chemically unique (contains fats)
  • live in extreme conditions
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24
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells? (9)

A
  1. Small (1-10 um)
  2. DNA is circular
  3. Only 1 chromosome
  4. Cell division by binary fission
  5. no meiosis, transfer DNA by pili
  6. asexual reproduction common
  7. no membrane bound organelle
  8. most are anaerobic
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25
Q

What are the 3 types of archaebacteria?

A
  1. Methanogens
    - Give off methane as a waste product
    - live on the surface of swamps and marshes, in the intestines of herbivores
  2. Halophiles
    - Live in very salty environments 15% salt
    - can’t live in weaker salt conditions
    - make purple red scum on the surface of water
  3. Thermoacidophiles
    - Live in extremely hot and acidic environments
    - Hot springs, near volcanoes, deep sea vents
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26
Q

What are the characteristics of Eubacteria?

A
  • AKA Monera
  • Prokaryotic
  • autotropic / heterotrophic
  • reproduce asexually
  • live nearly everywhere
  • can cause disease
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27
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

an organism that can produce it’s food

28
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

use light as their energy source

29
Q

What is a Chemotroph?

A

use chemical compounds as an energy source

30
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

an organism that has to find its food from another source

31
Q

What is a saprotroph?

A

an organism that feeds on dead organisms or organic waste

32
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Requires gaseous oxygen for their growth and metabolism

33
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

does not require gaseous oxygen for growth

34
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

die when exposed to oxygen

35
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can grow in either in the presence of absence of oxygen

36
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

hold a purple dye

37
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

release the dye, appear clear of counter stained

38
Q

What are the different shapes to classify bacteria

A 
coccus/cocci - sphere 
Bacillus/bacilli - rod 
Spirillium - spiral 
Vibrio - coma
Spirochete (tightly coiled)
39
Q

What are the different arrangements to classify bacteria

A 
Single 
Diploid (doubles)
Tetrad (groups of 4)
Sarcina (groups of 8)
Strepto (chains)
Staphylo (Random)
40
Q

How do you classify bacteria other than shape and arrangement?

A

size
presence / absence of flagella, pili, capsules, endospores
location: where it came from
Suceptibiity to attack: viruses, immune system etc.

41
Q

What are the types of bacterial asexual reproduction? (2)

A

Budding

Binary fission

42
Q

What is the process of binary fission?

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Cell elongates
  3. walls of the cell are pinched inward (creating septum)
  4. septum formation is complete
  5. The cells separate
43
Q

Lag phase

A

bacteria adapt themselves to their new habitat; there is no increase in the number of cells

44
Q

Exponential growth phase

A

number of cells increase in linear fashion

45
Q

Stationary phase

A

bacteria cannot grow anymore due to various changes which have taken place in the culture (eg. lack of oxygen or incorrect pH)

46
Q

Death phase

A

eventually cells die, but you can’t tell the difference between dead and living

47
Q

doubling time

A

it is a common measurement in bacteria cultures - the time it takes a culture to double

48
Q

What are the 3 ways sexual reproduction occurs in bacteria?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
49
Q

Transformation

A

free DNA make it’s way though a bacterial cell wall and (with the help of enzymes) joins the bacterial genome

50
Q

Transduction

A
  • virus infection of bacterium

- DNA from the virus is injected into the bacterium and, becomes incorporated into the DNA loop

51
Q

Conjugation

A

Donor cells sends out pilus through which it sends part of its DNA
Donor DNA incorporated into receivers DNA

52
Q

What is the significance of bacterial genetics

A
  • study antibiotic resistance
  • genes can e cut out and inserted into DNA ie. frost resistance
  • can insert genes into humans ie. insulin, hormone
53
Q

Pathogen

A

a disease causing agent such as bacteria

54
Q

Virus

A

a particle that contains strands of DNA and RNA cells surrounded by a protective protein coat and that act as mobile genes that can parasitize

55
Q

How are viruses classified?

A

classified according to the diseases that they cause and the method of reproduction:
lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle
retroviruses

56
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  • quick replication within host cell
  • symptoms of illness appear in a few days
  • eg. influenza
57
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  • host cell incorporates viral DNA into its genome to create a new genome
  • at some point in the future viral DNA may cause the lytic cycle tp begin
  • the virus remains latent , it may hide for years
58
Q

Retroviruses

A

use specialized type of lysogenic cycle
major difference: do not contain DNA, RNA instead
viruses have a special enzyme called reverse transcriptase which can change RNA to DNA
eg. rabies, HIV

59
Q

Sepsis

A

Infection

60
Q

Septic

A

describes people with infection

61
Q

antiseptic

A

against infection

62
Q

autoclave

A

pressure cooker used to sterilize equipment

63
Q

chemotherapy

A

use of chemicals to combat disease

64
Q

How do infections spread

A

animals
insects
humans
water

65
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

66
Q

Characteristics of plant-like protists

A

autotrophs
contain chlorophyll - preform photosynthesis
in in darkness they can be animal like and engulf solid food
examples: algae

67
Q

What are the differences between fungi and plants

A 
fungi:
contain many nuclei per cell 
heterotrophic 
no storage molecules 
no roots 
dont reproduce by seeds

SBI 3U (5 decks)

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