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SBI 3U > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, it is located in the nucleus, this is what contains genetic information

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2
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid there are 3 types:
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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3
Q

What are A, T, C, and G and what do they stand for / match up with

A 
Adenine 
Thymine
Cytosine 
Guanine 
C with G 
A with T
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4
Q

What are purines?

A

Part of the DNA structure, they have a double ring structure

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5
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Part of the DNA structure, they have a single ring structure

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6
Q

What are nitrogenous bases connected by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

Which way do DNA strands run?

A

Anti-parallel

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8
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

part of the DNA structure, they are made of sugar, they are bonded by a phosphate bond & nitrogen bond

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA responsible for inheriting particular characteristics

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10
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitosis

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11
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Cell division that results in the production of 2 identical daughter cells

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12
Q

What are the stages of mitosis? (4)

A
  1. Prophase: chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes
  2. Metaphase: chromosomes move to the equator of the cell
  3. Anaphase: the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled apart to to the opposite poles of the cells
  4. Telophase: two daughter cells are formed and the cells divide
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13
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

produces reproductive cells called gametes (egg and sperm) essentially mitosis twice

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14
Q

What are gametes?

A

Egg and sperm cells (reproductive) they are haploid (n), they contain 1/2 the number of chromosomes (eg there are 46 in humans so their would be 23 in each haploid)

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15
Q

What are the stages of meiosis I?

A

Prophase I: nucleur membrane and nucleolus disappear and spindle fibres form, similar chromosomes match up (homologous chromosomes) - made up of 4 chromatid known as tetrad

Metaphase I: the pairs of chromosomes line up along the equator randomly (independent assortment) this is synapsis

Anaphase I: the homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles, this is disjunction

Telophase I: the spindle disappears, nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis occurs,

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16
Q

What are the stages of Meiosis II?

A

identical to mitotic cell division (PMAT)

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17
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 non-identical daughter cells, meiosis I has a diploid of chromosomes (46), meiosis II has a haploid set of chromosomes (23) GAMETOGENESIS (the production of gametes)

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18
Q

Male gametes

A

produced by spermatogenesis, the sperm only have a nucleus and flagellum

19
Q

Female gametes

A

produced by oogenesis: only one cell becomes a viable sex cell

20
Q

What is genetic variation?

A
  1. during prophase I the tips of non-sister chromatids may cross over during synapsis and exchange genetic information
  2. during metaphase I homologous chromosomes independently assort to form tetrads
21
Q

Genetics

A

the scientific study of inheritance

22
Q

Heredity

A

the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next

23
Q

Allele

A

the particular DNA form that appears at the gene location for an inherited characteristic

24
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes that carry corresponding DNA codes (1 from mom, 1 from dad)

25
Q

Homozygous

A

refers to an offspring that receives 2 identical alleles for a given gene location

26
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

“Father of genetics”

27
Q

What is the principle of segregation?

A

when an allele from a parent sorts into a separate gamete

28
Q

what is a dominant trait?

A

when a characteristic is always expressed, or always appears in an individual

29
Q

what is a recessive trait?

A

when a characteristic is present, but may not be expressed except in homozygous form

30
Q

What is the law of dominance?

A

if an organism is heterozygous one trait will always be dominant

31
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

offspring can have new combinations of genes that were not present in the parents

32
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

when both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygous individual, aka blending inheritance. Neither of the alleles hides the presence (think white + red makes pink)

33
Q

What is codominance?

A

two alleles are expressed at the same time capital letters with superscripts are used to demonstrate this (think roan colour in cattle)

34
Q

What are multiple alleles?

A

eg. of codominance and dominant / recessive genetics, there are more than 2 possible alleles.

35
Q

What are the rules of bloodtypes?

A

I^A and I^B are dominant to i
I^A and I^B are codominant to eachother
ii is recessive

36
Q

What is polygenetic inheritance?

A

is controlled by 2 or more genes, each with 2 alleles, so there is a wide variation eg. skin and eye colour

37
Q

What are lethal genes?

A

they are alleles that can lead to the death of the organism, may be dominant or recessive, they control more then 1 phenotype

38
Q

What are autosomal chromosomes?

A

22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that aren’t related to gender

39
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

the last pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the gender of the offspring, x is girl, y is boy

40
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

diagram or photograph of somatic chromosomes

41
Q

What are the rules of a pedigree?

A

men are square
women are circle
people showing a characteristic are solid colour
women who are carriers have half of the circle shaded in

42
Q

Genetic mutations

A

an error in the DNA sequence

may also be seen at the chromosomal level

43
Q

What are the chromosomal mutations? (4)

A
  1. delection - a portion of chromosome is lost
  2. Duplication - a portion of the chromosome is added
  3. inversion - a portion of the chromosome is inverted
  4. translocation - a portion of the chromosome is switched with another

SBI 3U (5 decks)

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