Task 8 Brain: lobes and hemispheres, crevices and bumps

Question 1

Edwin smith papyrus

Answer 1

papyrus from ancient Egypt that contains short descriptions of the symptoms and treatment of different forms of brain injury

Question 2

Plato

Answer 2

saw the soul in the brain, divided in three parts one in the brain for thoughts, one in the liver for hunger, one in the heart for sensation

Question 3

Aristotle

Answer 3

heart was the seat of the soul

Question 4

Galen

Answer 4

was interested in the brain and described it by animal spirit and ventricles

Question 5

Animal spirit

Answer 5

spirits that were thought by Galen to travel over the nerves between the ventricles in the brain and the body

Question 6

Ventricles

Answer 6

apertures in the middle of the brain, which for a long time were thought to contain perceptions, memories and thoughts; seat of the animal spirits

Question 7

Descartes

Answer 7

proposed a simple loop, in which stimulated nerves caused the release of animal spirits in the ventricles, which, in turn, caused efferent nerves and muscles to act

Question 8

renaissance

Answer 8

o Differentiation of the three ventricles with different functions e.g. memory

Question 9

17th and 18th century

Answer 9

o Focus switched on the brain instead of ventricles, more specific white and grey matter (memory)
o Increased interest in reflexes

Question 10

The discovery in the cerebrospinal axis (19th)

Answer 10

you don’t need cerebral activity to use reflexes because they are mediated by subcortical structures

Question 11

19th century

Answer 11

breakthrough for neuroscience

Question 12

reflex arc (growing impact of the reflex) 19th

Answer 12

explains the mechanism involved in involuntary movement elicited by sensory stimuli, discrimination between afferent and efferent nerves (Hall)

Question 13

Brain equipotentiality theory (19th)

Answer 13

all parts of the brain have equal significance and are involved in each task; first thought to apply to the complete brain; since the nineteenth century limited to the cerebral hemispheres) before 19th century

Question 14

Localisation theory (19th)

Answer 14

brain processes are localised meaning that only part of the brain underlies a particular mental function (proved by Borca and Wernicke)

Question 15

The discovery of nerve cell (19th)

Answer 15

 The finding that the grey matter consist of billion of cells and that the white matter and the nerves were the tails (axons) of these cells
 Availability of better microscopes
 New techniques to stain the brain tissue (colouring thingi)

Question 16

The disentangling of the communication between neurons (19th)

Answer 16

 Brain network consists of individual cells, called neurons (Ramon y Cajal)
 Electricity within neurons but chemical between (synapse)
• Was first demonstrated on a frog leg and then on a electrical fish, and proved by squid neurons because they are so large
 Synapse is discovered and the chemical reaction between them (neurotransmitter)
• Helmholtz stated that because reactions are not that fast it could not be only electricity

Question 17

Franz Josef Gall (19th)

Answer 17

proving by dissection the crossing of the pyramids and establishing the distinction between grey and white matter
 Identified 27 human faculties and associated them with particular brain centres
 Neuro revolution was induced by him

Question 18

Edward Hitzig Gustav Fritsch (19th)

Answer 18

discovered the location of the somatosensory cortex and the somatotopic organization of it

Question 19

Localisation studies in the world wars (20th)

Answer 19

more precise bullets let to more specific brain injuries from which they could determine the function of the damaged brain parts

Question 20

Neuropsychology

Answer 20

was studied more by psychologists in the second half of the 20th century and first consisted in tracing brain damage to behavioural consequences

Question 21

Issues which cognitive neuropsychology fought

Answer 21

o First issue of former investigations, it is difficult to localise different functions only based on damage to the human brain, second the findings rarely went beyond a list of symptoms displayed by various patients
o More focus on information processing

Question 22

Cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 22

refers to research dealing with the consequences of brain injuries for the information-processing models proposed the cognitive psychologists

Question 23

The birth of neuroscience

Answer 23

o Due to the new brain imaging techniques, it was possible to observe brain activity during performance of different tasks

Question 24

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 24

The scientific study of the biological mechanisms underlying cognition; largely based on brain imaging techniques

Question 25

Critics on cognitive neuroscience

Answer 25

only localisation purposes and not usable for explaining information-processing theories

Question 26

New findings

Answer 26

Several regions are needed to perform actions, were more able to clearly define purpose compared to injury cases, processes that were elicited by a stimuli could be traced efficient

Question 27

Cognitive neuropsychiatry

Answer 27

subfield that tries to understand consequences of metal disorders in terms of breakdown in the cognitive models of normal psychological functioning

Question 28

Single cell recording

Answer 28

invasive and one of the first measurements

Question 29

EEG recording

Answer 29

Hans Berger put electrodes on the head to measure electrical signals (named alpha and beta waves)

Question 30

ERP

Answer 30

measuring brain activity with EEG in combinations to certain events

Question 31

MEG

Answer 31

measurement of the electrical brain activity by means of measurement of the magnetic field around the head; is one of the most promising brain imaging techniques, because it has the potential of both a high temporal and spatial resolution

Question 32

PET

Answer 32

brain imaging technique based on measurement of a radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream

Question 33

fMRI

Answer 33

brain imaging technique based on the measurement of blood with oxygen vs. blood without oxygen; currently the most popular imaging technique (low temporal resolution)

Question 34

TMS

Answer 34

stimulation of a brain region by means of a coil placed on the head; allows temporary interference with the processing of a small part of the brain

Question 35

Development of experiments

Answer 35

o Experiments with control groups and standardized forms were established and compared with statistical methods

Question 36

Wigan

Answer 36

• Stated that both hemispheres are idiosyncratic brains, each has its own memory with different preferences and interpretations
o When one half is damaged it might occur that the other half is taking control which leads to extraordinary behaviour
o Corpus callosum had no importance to him
o Each brain houses independent consciousness
 Because of this the things we can do simultaneously are limited to two
• Wasn’t really important whether back in the time, later it was found that both hemispheres have a different set of abilities so he became a forerunner until it was discovered that he meant something different

Question 37

Capgras delusion

Answer 37

Thinking that somebody in your close surrounding is replaced by a look-alike
no loss of face recognizing abilities but the emotional connection (e.g. amygdala) might be impaired

Question 38

Cerebrocentric

Answer 38

The soul is placed in the brain

Question 39

Cardiocentric

Answer 39

The soul is located in the heart

Question 40

Associationism

Answer 40

view in terms of associating representations in different brain regions (Wernicke)

Question 41

Connectionism

Answer 41

put emphasis on the connections between regions

Question 42

Broadman

Answer 42

: invented architectonic map and emphasised on cell differences in the brain and differentiated by this different parts of the brain (50 areas and still used for localisation today)