Task 7 Psychoanalysis: a new science for a new century

Question 1

Asylums

Answer 1

name given to the institutions for the insane established from the sixteenth century on; first modelled after prisons, later after hospitals for chronic patients
o Enlightenment: Led to that inhabitants were not seen as criminals but ailing patients
o They used techniques such as cold showers or cues with leeches
o Moral treatment: consisted of trying to persuade and influence that patient to behave normally, when it didn’t worked they used straitjackets etc.

Question 2

Neurologist

Answer 2

name used at the end of the nineteenth century by physicians who were interested in the treatment of milder forms of mental problems outside the asylum; the term was later used to refer to specialists of the nervous system, when the original neurologists merged with the psychiatrists and took up the latter’s name

Question 3

Freud

Answer 3

started a new way of treatment based on conversations with patients
o Was convinced that hysterical symptoms (insomnia, hysterical paralysis, lack of appetite etc.) were due to repressed sexual childhood experiences
o Hysterical symptoms arise from conversions of emotional into physical energy
o Learned to take everything what the person says as significant
o Oedipus complex: Stated that everybody has sexual interest in their mother and rivalry to their father in one stage of development

Question 4

Cathartic method

Answer 4

Hypnotizing the patient and then ask them when the symptoms first occurred to release the supressed feelings (before Freud)

Question 5

Intentionality

Answer 5

all mental phenomena have an “aboutness”, a quality of referring to or implicating some object of consciousness

Question 6

Seduction theory

Answer 6

All hysterics he asserted must have undergone sexual abuse as children. They don’t experience them as wrong in childhood but when the get into puberty the experience becomes sexualised later

Question 7

The meaning and nature of Dreams

Answer 7

o Manifest content: consciously experienced content of the dream
o Latent content: hidden content in dreams, which only come to consciousness after a series of associations (greatest personal significance)

Question 8

Dream work

Answer 8

dreams often originate with a series of latent thoughts or ideas, which the sleeping mind transforms into manifest content by the use of three processes

Question 9

Displacement (dream work)

Answer 9

the psychic energy of the highly charged latent content being deflected or displaced onto the related but emotionally more neutral ideas of the manifest content (serves as defensive function)

Question 10

Condensation (dream work)

Answer 10

the logic that two or more latent thoughts sometimes condense into a single manifest dream image

Question 11

Concrete representation (dream work)

Answer 11

due to real sights, sounds and feelings dreams can represent real sensation in manifest content

Question 12

Primary process

Answer 12

mental activity which is unconscious and associated with dream and symptom formation

Question 13

Secondary process

Answer 13

mental activity which is conscious and responsible for rational thought

Question 14

Fulfillment of wishes

Answer 14

it seemed in virtually every case that the latent content included significant though often conflict-laden wishes, even when the manifest content seemed the opposite of a wish fulfilment

Question 15

Psychological treatment (freud)

Answer 15

treatment of mental health problems consisting of conversation between the patient and the therapist

Question 16

Repression

Answer 16

memories seem to not be just forgotten, instead the memories seemed to have been subjected to a willful and active, although largely unconscious process of repression by his patients

Question 17

Intrapsychic conflict

Answer 17

in his patience different aspects of each personality clamouring for mutually exclusive goals

Question 18

Polymorphous perversity

Answer 18

infants are born in a state where they are capable of taking sexual pleasure from the gentle stimulation of any part of the body (never destroyed just repressed)

Question 19

Erogenous zones

Answer 19

areas where infants experience satisfaction and sensual pleasure
 First oral zone (birth - 2 years)
 When toilet training begins anal zone arises (2 – 3 year)
 When they developed fuller control over their bodies genital zone becomes major source of pleasure

Question 20

Oral character

Answer 20

Results from overindulgence or underindulgence in earliest years. These people remain interested in oral activities such as eating, drinking, talking and smoking. If overindulged, they are usually optimistic and cheerful, if underindulged, they are pessimistic.

Question 21

Anal character

Answer 21

Results from strict toilet training. These people are relatively orderly in arranging their affairs; parsimonius in managing their money and resources; and they obstinate in many of their interpersonal interactions

Question 22

Phallic character

Answer 22

Curious, competitive or exhibitionist.

Question 23

Ego

Answer 23

the directive, executive agency in the mature psyche (Combines imput from superego and id)

Question 24

Id

Answer 24

Internal demands based on biological instincts

Question 25

Perception-conciousness system (pcpt.-cs)

Answer 25

system that conveys information about external reality to the mind kind of the same as ego)

Question 26

Superego

Answer 26

Moral demands, arising independently of instincts and external reality alike, presumably originated from a separate agency completely in the psyche (morality)

Question 27

Displacement (defense mechanism)

Answer 27

occurs whenever someone redirects an impulse toward a substitute that resembles the original in some way but is safer

Question 28

Projecting (defense mechanism)

Answer 28

occurs when you are angry about someone but I would be inappropriate to attack them your super ego turns it around that you think the other person is angry at you

Question 29

Intellectualization (defense mechanism)

Answer 29

some impulse and emotion charged subject is directly approached but in a strictly intellectual manner that avoids emotional involvement

Question 30

Denial (defense mechanism)

Answer 30

a person beliefs and behaves as if an instinct-driven event has never occurred

Question 31

Rationalisation (defense mechanism)

Answer 31

people act because of one motive but explain the behaviour with another more acceptable motive

Question 32

Identification (defense mechanism)

Answer 32

when he or she identifies with the same sex partner, thus internalizing that parent prohibition against childhood sexuality and Oedipal impulses

Question 33

Instincts

Answer 33

biologically based urges for nourishment, warmth, sexual gratification and the like

Question 34

Thanatos

Answer 34

an aggressive death instinct that provides drive for humans

Question 35

Eros

Answer 35

Live giving sexual instinct

Question 36

Psychoanalysis

Answer 36

Freuds theory and therapy

Question 37

Case study

Answer 37

the intensive study of an individual patient within the context of his/her own world and relations, to understand and help the individual patient

Question 38

Introspection and interpretation by the therapist

Answer 38

Freud based his therapy on introspection but the reports of the patient had little value because, according to freud, they did not have access to their unconscious drives. So the therapist had to reinterpret the content according to the psychoanalytical theory

Question 39

Pressure technique

Answer 39

in which patients lay on a couch with eyes closed but stayed awake. Then he asked them to recall the first emergence of the symptom put his hand on their forehead and sad now you can remember. It often worked

Question 40

Free association

Answer 40

same as pressure technique but without the pressure on the forehead
o Focused more attention on the patients association per se, and the relationship between the patient and himself
o Overdetermination: Symptoms origin from more than one emotion-laden memory

Question 41

How did Watson and Freud think about fear

Answer 41

• Watson conditioned

* Freud arises from supressed experiences

Question 42

Before Psychoanalyse

Answer 42

Patience died young at home and did not receive any treatment
o Insanity was due to the devil or a bad ghost

Question 43

Watson phase one

Answer 43

Watson tried to explain psychoanalysis in terms of concept of ‘habit’ from James. He tested Freud’s and Jung’s methods in laboratory but failed to produce original research or a theory.

1. Watson was worried about whether facts were established in clinic during therapy or only in laboratory during experiments.
2. Second clash concerned question of whether psychoanalysis could be independent of research conducted in laboratory.

Question 44

Second phase of Watson

Answer 44

Watson wanted to compete with Freud’s concepts of transference and displacement and explain them in behavioral concepts by using Pavlovian vocabulary.

Question 45

Third phase of Watson

Answer 45

Although Watson accepted many ideas from Freud, he used psychoanalysis as a foil for behaviorism. Switched from sexual repression to fear as reason for mental diseases