Task 8 - A scene made of sounds

Question 1

Auditory space

Answer 1

created through sounds at different locations, which exists all around, where there is sound

Question 2

Auditory localization

Answer 2

the locating of sound sources in auditory space

Question 3

Location cues

Answer 3

the information used by the auditory system to determine location – they are created by the way sound interacts with the listener’s head and ears

Question 4

Two kinds of location cues

Answer 4

Binaural cues: which depend on both eats

Monaural cues: which depend on just one ear

Question 5

Azimuth

Answer 5

it extends from the left to right

Question 6

Elevation

Answer 6

which extends up and down

Question 7

Distance

Answer 7

of the sound source from the listener

Question 8

Binaural cues

Answer 8

use information reaching both ears to determine the azimuth (left-right position) of sounds

Question 9

Two binaural cues

Answer 9

1. Interaural time difference

2. Interaural level difference

Question 10

Interaural time difference (ITD)

Answer 10

the difference between when a sound reaches the left ear and when it reaches the right ear – provides information about the location of low-frequency sounds

Question 11

Interaural level difference (ILD)

Answer 11

based on the difference in the sound pressure level (or just “level”) of the sound reaching the two ears – provides information about the location of high-frequency sounds

Question 12

Acoustic shadow

Answer 12

reducing the intensity of sounds that reach the far ear

Question 13

Cone of confusion

Answer 13

same ILD and ITD it makes it harder to judge where the sound is coming from

Question 14

Monaural cue

Answer 14

a cue that depends on information from only one ear

Question 15

Spectral cue

Answer 15

the primary monaural cue for localization – because the information for localization is contained in differences in the distribution (or spectrum) of frequencies that reach each ear from different locations (sound can be located whether it is up or down by how it hits the pinna

Question 16

Jeffress model

Answer 16

neurons are wired so they each receive signals from the two ears

Question 17

Coincidence detectors

Answer 17

neurons in this circuit that only fire when both signals coincide by arriving at the neuron simultaneously (figure 12.12 - with the neurons 1-9 – the neural coincidence detector only fires when a signal arrives on both ends)

Question 18

The precedence effect

Answer 18

the situation in which the sound appears to originate from the lead speaker – causes the auditory system to give preference to the first sound that arrives

Question 19

Auditory scene

Answer 19

the array (arrangement) of sound sources at different locations in the environment

Question 20

Scale illusion (or melodic channeling)

Answer 20

Although the notes in each ear jump up and down, the listener perceives a smooth sequence of notes

Question 21

Two-flash illusion

Answer 21

occurs when a single flash is accompanied by two tones and the subject perceives two flashes