Task 7 - Categorical Propositions - chapter 4

Question 1

Proposition

Answer 1

a sentence that is either true or false

Question 2

Categorical proposition

Answer 2

a proposition that relates two classes, or categories

- the classes in question are denoted respectively by the subject term and the predicate term

Question 3

Standard-form categorical proposition

Answer 3

A categorical proposition that expresses there relations with complete clarity

Question 4

Quantifiers

Answer 4

words such as "all", "no" and "some"
- they specify how much of the subject class is included in or excluded from the predicate class

Question 5

Copula

Answer 5

the words “are” and “are not”

- they link the subject term with the predicate term

Question 6

Proposition

All S are P

Answer 6

Every member of the S class is a member of the P class; that is, the S class is included in the P class

Question 7

Proposition

No S are P

Answer 7

No member of the S class is a member of the P class; that is, the S class is excluded from the P class

Question 8

Proposition

Some S are P

Answer 8

At least one member of the S class is a member of the P class

Question 9

Proposition

Some S are not P

Answer 9

At least one member of the S class is not a member of the P class

Question 10

Attributes of categorical propositions

Answer 10

Quality and quantity

Question 11

Quality

Answer 11

it is either affirmative or negative depending on whether it affirms of denies class membership

• affirmative and negative propositions

Question 12

Quantity

Answer 12

it is either universal or particular, depending on whether the statement makes a claim about every member or just some member of the class denoted by the subject term

• Universal Propositions
  “all S are P” and “No S are P”
• Particular Propositions
  “some S are P” and “some S are not P”

Question 13

the universal affirmative

Answer 13

A proposition (“All S are P”)

Question 14

the universal negative

Answer 14

E proposition (“No S are P”)

Question 15

particular affirmative

Answer 15

I proposition (“Some S are P”)

Question 16

particular negative

Answer 16

O proposition (“Some S are not P”)

Question 17

Distribution

Answer 17

attribute of the terms (subject and predicate) of propositions
- (A and E)

• A term is said to be distributed if the proposition makes an assertion about every member of the class denoted by the term

Question 18

Distribution for A, E, I, O

Answer 18

• For any A proposition, the subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed.
• For any E proposition both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed.
• For any I proposition neither the subject term nor the predicate term are distributed.
• For any O proposition the predicate is distributed and the subject is undistributed

Question 19

If term distributed in a proposition

Answer 19

it simply means that the proposition says something about every member of the class that the term denotes

Question 20

If a term is undistributed,

Answer 20

the proposition does not say something about every member of the class

Question 21

Aristotelian standpoint

Answer 21

existential import

- a statement has this when the subject terms donate actually existing things

Question 22

Boolean standpoint

Answer 22

“closed” to existence
- when things exist the boolean standpoint does not recognise their existence, and universal statements about those things have no existential import

Question 23

Modern square of opposition

Answer 23

it arises from the modern (or Boolean) interpretation of categorical propositions

Question 24

Contradictory relation

Answer 24

if two propositions are related through this, they necessarily have opposite truth value

Question 25

Logically undetermined truth value

Answer 25

like all propositions they have a truth value, but logic alone cannot determine what it is

Question 26

Vacuously true

Answer 26

their truth value results solely from the fact that the subject class is empty, or void of members

Question 27

Immediate inferences

Answer 27

are arguments that have only one premise

Question 28

Unconditionally valid

Answer 28

arguments that are valid from the Boolean standpoint are said to be this because they are valid regardless of whether their terms refer to existing things

Question 29

Existential fallacy

Answer 29

from the Boolean standpoint is a formal fallacy that occurs whenever an argument is invalid merely because the premise lacks existential import

Question 30

Conversion

Answer 30

the simplest of the three – it consists of switching the subject term with the predicate term

Question 31

Obversion

Answer 31

(1) changing the quality (without changing the quantity),

(2) replacing the predicate with its term complement

Question 32

Term complement

Answer 32

it is the word or group of words that denotes the class complement

Question 33

Contraposition

Answer 33

(1) switching the subject and predicate terms

(2) replacing the subject and predicate terms with their term complements

Question 34

Traditional square of opposition

Answer 34

it is an arrangement of lines that illustrate logically necessary relations among the four kinds of categorical propositions

Question 35

Contradictory relation

Answer 35

is the same as found in the modern square, thus it expresses complete opposition between propositions

Question 36

Contrary relation

Answer 36

differs from the contradictory in that it expresses only partial opposition and applies only the A and the E propositions

Question 37

Subcontrary relation

Answer 37

it also expresses a kind of partial opposition, but only for the I and the O statements

Question 38

Subalternation relation

Answer 38

it is represented by two arrows: a downward arrow marked with the letter T (true), and an upward arrow marked with an F (false)

Question 39

Illicit contrary

Answer 39

committed If an inference depends on an incorrect application of the contrary relation

Question 40

Illicit subcontrary

Answer 40

committed if an inference depends on an incorrect application of the subcontrary relation

Question 41

Illicit subalternation

Answer 41

committed if an inference depends on an incorrect application of the subalternation relation

Question 42

Existential fallacy

Answer 42

committed from the Aristotelian standpoint when and only when contrary, subcontrary, and subalternation are used to draw a conclusion from a premise about things that do not exist

Question 43

Conditionally valid

Answer 43

applies to an argument after the Aristotelian standpoint has been adopted and we are not certain if the subject term of the premise denotes actually existing things

Question 44

Mathematical logic

Answer 44

abstracts from concepts having a content

Question 45

Classical logic

Answer 45

only abstracts from the specific content, while insisting that there must be a content, that is, each concept signifies a characteristic of a possible reality