Task 7 - Categorical Propositions - chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Proposition

A

a sentence that is either true or false

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2
Q

Categorical proposition

A

a proposition that relates two classes, or categories

- the classes in question are denoted respectively by the subject term and the predicate term

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3
Q

Standard-form categorical proposition

A

A categorical proposition that expresses there relations with complete clarity

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4
Q

Quantifiers

A
words such as "all", "no" and "some"
- they specify how much of the subject class is included in or excluded from the predicate class
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5
Q

Copula

A

the words “are” and “are not”

- they link the subject term with the predicate term

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6
Q

Proposition

All S are P

A

Every member of the S class is a member of the P class; that is, the S class is included in the P class

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7
Q

Proposition

No S are P

A

No member of the S class is a member of the P class; that is, the S class is excluded from the P class

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8
Q

Proposition

Some S are P

A

At least one member of the S class is a member of the P class

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9
Q

Proposition

Some S are not P

A

At least one member of the S class is not a member of the P class

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10
Q

Attributes of categorical propositions

A

Quality and quantity

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11
Q

Quality

A

it is either affirmative or negative depending on whether it affirms of denies class membership

  • affirmative and negative propositions
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12
Q

Quantity

A

it is either universal or particular, depending on whether the statement makes a claim about every member or just some member of the class denoted by the subject term

  • Universal Propositions
    “all S are P” and “No S are P”
  • Particular Propositions
    “some S are P” and “some S are not P”
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13
Q

the universal affirmative

A

A proposition (“All S are P”)

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14
Q

the universal negative

A

E proposition (“No S are P”)

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15
Q

particular affirmative

A

I proposition (“Some S are P”)

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16
Q

particular negative

A

O proposition (“Some S are not P”)

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17
Q

Distribution

A

attribute of the terms (subject and predicate) of propositions
- (A and E)

  • A term is said to be distributed if the proposition makes an assertion about every member of the class denoted by the term
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18
Q

Distribution for A, E, I, O

A
  • For any A proposition, the subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed.
  • For any E proposition both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed.
  • For any I proposition neither the subject term nor the predicate term are distributed.
  • For any O proposition the predicate is distributed and the subject is undistributed
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19
Q

If term distributed in a proposition

A

it simply means that the proposition says something about every member of the class that the term denotes

20
Q

If a term is undistributed,

A

the proposition does not say something about every member of the class

21
Q

Aristotelian standpoint

A

existential import

- a statement has this when the subject terms donate actually existing things

22
Q

Boolean standpoint

A

“closed” to existence
- when things exist the boolean standpoint does not recognise their existence, and universal statements about those things have no existential import

23
Q

Modern square of opposition

A

it arises from the modern (or Boolean) interpretation of categorical propositions

24
Q

Contradictory relation

A

if two propositions are related through this, they necessarily have opposite truth value

25
Logically undetermined truth value
like all propositions they have a truth value, but logic alone cannot determine what it is
26
Vacuously true
their truth value results solely from the fact that the subject class is empty, or void of members
27
Immediate inferences
are arguments that have only one premise
28
Unconditionally valid
arguments that are valid from the Boolean standpoint are said to be this because they are valid regardless of whether their terms refer to existing things
29
Existential fallacy
from the Boolean standpoint is a formal fallacy that occurs whenever an argument is invalid merely because the premise lacks existential import
30
Conversion
the simplest of the three -- it consists of switching the subject term with the predicate term
31
Obversion
(1) changing the quality (without changing the quantity), | (2) replacing the predicate with its term complement
32
Term complement
it is the word or group of words that denotes the class complement
33
Contraposition
(1) switching the subject and predicate terms | (2) replacing the subject and predicate terms with their term complements
34
Traditional square of opposition
it is an arrangement of lines that illustrate logically necessary relations among the four kinds of categorical propositions
35
Contradictory relation
is the same as found in the modern square, thus it expresses complete opposition between propositions
36
Contrary relation
differs from the contradictory in that it expresses only partial opposition and applies only the A and the E propositions
37
Subcontrary relation
it also expresses a kind of partial opposition, but only for the I and the O statements
38
Subalternation relation
it is represented by two arrows: a downward arrow marked with the letter T (true), and an upward arrow marked with an F (false)
39
Illicit contrary
committed If an inference depends on an incorrect application of the contrary relation
40
Illicit subcontrary
committed if an inference depends on an incorrect application of the subcontrary relation
41
Illicit subalternation
committed if an inference depends on an incorrect application of the subalternation relation
42
Existential fallacy
committed from the Aristotelian standpoint when and only when contrary, subcontrary, and subalternation are used to draw a conclusion from a premise about things that do not exist
43
Conditionally valid
applies to an argument after the Aristotelian standpoint has been adopted and we are not certain if the subject term of the premise denotes actually existing things
44
Mathematical logic
abstracts from concepts having a content
45
Classical logic
only abstracts from the specific content, while insisting that there must be a content, that is, each concept signifies a characteristic of a possible reality