Task 7 Flashcards
What is the development in the treatment of mental disorders?
- before 16th century: ill were treated with a combination of compassion (family) and contempt (society); care depended on the person providing it
- 16th century: increased role for the authorities on the treatment (demographic& societal change) -> Asylums modeled after prisons
- over 18th century: ill were seen as patients; treatment methods (Common-sense medical practices& moral treatment)
- later: biological view of mental illness gradually gained impetus
What was Freud’s view on hysterical symptoms?
- they were due to repressed sexual childhood experiences (later, childhood fantasies)
What were Freud’s research methods?
- Case study- the intensive stud of an individual patient within the context of his /her own world and relations, to understand and help the individual patient
- Introspection - literal meaning of what patients said was of little value -> psychoanalytic theory
What were the three phases of Watson’s paradoxial struggle with Freud?
- Phase (1910-1916) : attempted to explain psychoanalysis in the concept of habits
- Phase (1916-1920): attempted to explain psychoanalysis in terms of classical conditioning
- Phase (after 1920): Anti-Freudian;
Which two people influenced Freud, which tried to treat hysterical patients?
- Jean Charcot - French neurologist who taught that hysterical symptoms are real
- Josef Breuer - Freud’s older friend who treated hysterical patient Anna O. with the cathartic method (hypnosis)
What are pathogenic ideas?
Memories of emotionally charged experiences that have been somehow ‘forgotten’ and placed beyond the reach of ordniary consciousness
What 4 people were among his teachers?
- Franz Bretano
- Ernst von Brücke
- Theodor Meynert
- Jean Charcot
What is the pressure technique?
patients lay on a couch with their eyes closed as for hypnosis, but remained awake; were asked to recall earliest experience of symptoms, until their memories failed → then he pressed their foreheads with his hand
What is the Cathartic method?
emotional memory in unconsciousness was able to be able to regain to consciousness through hypnosis -> normal expression of strangulated energy
What is Free association
encouraging the patients thought’s to run free and reporting fully and honestly whatever comes to mind → became Freud’s standard method
What pattern did Freud see in hysterical illness?
- Overdetermination
- Repression
What is Overdetermination?
one symptom being caused by several pathogenic memories
What is Repression
pathogenic ideas have not been ‘forgotten’, but they have been repressed willfully and active, largely unconscious; patients would paradoxily resist indirect and unconscious → intrapsychic conflict
What is Freud’s seduction theory of hysteria?
All hysterics must have undergone sexual abuse as children
- Seductions were not experienced sexually but through puberty, they became sexualized, in turn becoming increasingly emotionally charged
- Symptoms were seen as defenses against psychologically dangerous pathogenic ideas
What were Freud’s findings in ‘The interpretation of Dreams’ in 1900?
- Manifest content
- Latent content
Dream work: Displacement, Condensation, Concrete representations
What is manifest content?
- Consciously experienced content of the dream
- Marked by disjointed chronology and fantastic images
What is latent content?
- Hidden content, which originally inspired the dream, but which emerged in consciousness only after free association
- Dreamers often resisted the uncovering
What is Displacement?
psychic energy of highly charged latent content being deflected onto related but more neutral ideas of the manifest content → ‘defensive’ functions
What were the two modes of mental activity to Freud?
Primary process: unconscious mode of thought; not restricted to maladaptive or ‘abnormal’ states
Secondary process: conscious mode of thought; rational thought
What is Condensation?
two or more latent thoughts sometimes ‘condense’ onto a single manifest dream image
What are concrete representations?
latent dream thoughts receive them in the subjectively real sensations of the manifest content
What is the Wish-Fulfillment Hypothesis?
All dreams represent some element of fulfillment of wishes or the exact opposite
- striking similarity between manifest dreams and hysterical symptoms; differed in presumed causes
What are the stages of childhood sexuality?
Oral stage (up until 2 years) Anal stage (from 2-3 years) Phallic stage (or early genital) (3-11 years) Oedipal or oedipal genital stage
What is the Oral Character?
results from relative over- or underindulgence in earliest years; if overindulged adult will turn out cheerful and optimistic; if underindulged, adult will turn out as envious, acquisitive and pessimistic; if stuck in this stage as adult you’re this character and you are more interested in activities that are oral (e.g. talking, eating, smoking)
What is the Anal Character?
presumed to result out of relatively strict enforcement of toilet training, leading to a relative overemphasis or fixation to infantile sexuality at the anal stage; adults will turn out as relatively orderly in arranging their affairs, parsimonious in managing resources
What is the Phallic or genital character?
marked by adult traits of relative curiosity, competitiveness, or exhibitionism
What is Metapsychology? (Freud)
general model of the mind, to explain everyday mental phenomena and not only hysterical symptoms and dreams
What is Freud’s 1923 model that represents three kinds of psychic demands?
Human mind is constantly beset by three kinds of demands that inevitably conflict with one another
- Id: respiratory of unconscious but powerful impulses and energies from the instincts, wants immediate reward
- Superego: moral demands
- Ego: produces compromises between instinctual gratification that will not endanger organism from physical reality or violate the dictates of conscience
What are the defense mechanisms?
Displacement Projection Intellectualization Denial Rationalization Identification
What is Displacement?
Redirecting an impulse toward a substitute target that resembles the original in some way, but is ‘safer’
What is Projection?
Person not directly acknowledging his or her own unacceptable impulses but reversing that by attributing them to someone else
What is Intellectualization?
Impulse- and emotion-charged subject is directly approached, but in a strictly intellectual manner that avoids emotional involvement
What is Denial?
Changing memory of gratification after they have occurred
What is Rationalization?
Acting because of one motive but explaining the behavior (to oneself and others) on the basis of another, more acceptable one
What is Identification?
Psychological reason for the establishment of the superego
What were the 3 narcissistic Trauma’s of mankind?
- Geocentric model
- Darwin’s evolutionary theory
- Freud’s ‘unconscious’: we do not have power in our own house
What is the 1st theory of instances made up off?
- conscious and unconscious divided by defense mechanisms
What is the 2nd theory of instances made up off?
Superego: norms
Ego: has to combine instinctual needs with environmental capabilities
Id: instinctual drives
