Task 7

Question 1

What is the development in the treatment of mental disorders?

Answer 1

• before 16th century: ill were treated with a combination of compassion (family) and contempt (society); care depended on the person providing it
• 16th century: increased role for the authorities on the treatment (demographic& societal change) -> Asylums modeled after prisons
• over 18th century: ill were seen as patients; treatment methods (Common-sense medical practices& moral treatment)
• later: biological view of mental illness gradually gained impetus

Question 2

What was Freud’s view on hysterical symptoms?

Answer 2

• they were due to repressed sexual childhood experiences (later, childhood fantasies)

Question 3

What were Freud’s research methods?

Answer 3

1. Case study- the intensive stud of an individual patient within the context of his /her own world and relations, to understand and help the individual patient
2. Introspection - literal meaning of what patients said was of little value -> psychoanalytic theory

Question 4

What were the three phases of Watson’s paradoxial struggle with Freud?

Answer 4

1. Phase (1910-1916) : attempted to explain psychoanalysis in the concept of habits
2. Phase (1916-1920): attempted to explain psychoanalysis in terms of classical conditioning
3. Phase (after 1920): Anti-Freudian;

Question 5

Which two people influenced Freud, which tried to treat hysterical patients?

Answer 5

• Jean Charcot - French neurologist who taught that hysterical symptoms are real
• Josef Breuer - Freud’s older friend who treated hysterical patient Anna O. with the cathartic method (hypnosis)

Question 6

What are pathogenic ideas?

Answer 6

Memories of emotionally charged experiences that have been somehow ‘forgotten’ and placed beyond the reach of ordniary consciousness

Question 7

What 4 people were among his teachers?

Answer 7

• Franz Bretano
• Ernst von Brücke
• Theodor Meynert
• Jean Charcot

Question 8

What is the pressure technique?

Answer 8

patients lay on a couch with their eyes closed as for hypnosis, but remained awake; were asked to recall earliest experience of symptoms, until their memories failed → then he pressed their foreheads with his hand

Question 9

What is the Cathartic method?

Answer 9

emotional memory in unconsciousness was able to be able to regain to consciousness through hypnosis -> normal expression of strangulated energy

Question 10

What is Free association

Answer 10

encouraging the patients thought’s to run free and reporting fully and honestly whatever comes to mind → became Freud’s standard method

Question 11

What pattern did Freud see in hysterical illness?

Answer 11

• Overdetermination

- Repression

Question 12

What is Overdetermination?

Answer 12

one symptom being caused by several pathogenic memories

Question 13

What is Repression

Answer 13

pathogenic ideas have not been ‘forgotten’, but they have been repressed willfully and active, largely unconscious; patients would paradoxily resist indirect and unconscious → intrapsychic conflict

Question 14

What is Freud’s seduction theory of hysteria?

Answer 14

All hysterics must have undergone sexual abuse as children

• Seductions were not experienced sexually but through puberty, they became sexualized, in turn becoming increasingly emotionally charged
• Symptoms were seen as defenses against psychologically dangerous pathogenic ideas

Question 15

What were Freud’s findings in ‘The interpretation of Dreams’ in 1900?

Answer 15

• Manifest content
• Latent content
  Dream work: Displacement, Condensation, Concrete representations

Question 16

What is manifest content?

Answer 16

• Consciously experienced content of the dream

- Marked by disjointed chronology and fantastic images

Question 17

What is latent content?

Answer 17

• Hidden content, which originally inspired the dream, but which emerged in consciousness only after free association
• Dreamers often resisted the uncovering

Question 18

What is Displacement?

Answer 18

psychic energy of highly charged latent content being deflected onto related but more neutral ideas of the manifest content → ‘defensive’ functions

Question 19

What were the two modes of mental activity to Freud?

Answer 19

Primary process: unconscious mode of thought; not restricted to maladaptive or ‘abnormal’ states
Secondary process: conscious mode of thought; rational thought

Question 20

What is Condensation?

Answer 20

two or more latent thoughts sometimes ‘condense’ onto a single manifest dream image

Question 21

What are concrete representations?

Answer 21

latent dream thoughts receive them in the subjectively real sensations of the manifest content

Question 22

What is the Wish-Fulfillment Hypothesis?

Answer 22

All dreams represent some element of fulfillment of wishes or the exact opposite
- striking similarity between manifest dreams and hysterical symptoms; differed in presumed causes

Question 23

What are the stages of childhood sexuality?

Answer 23

Oral stage (up until 2 years)
Anal stage (from 2-3 years)
Phallic stage (or early genital) (3-11 years)
Oedipal or oedipal genital stage

Question 24

What is the Oral Character?

Answer 24

results from relative over- or underindulgence in earliest years; if overindulged adult will turn out cheerful and optimistic; if underindulged, adult will turn out as envious, acquisitive and pessimistic; if stuck in this stage as adult you’re this character and you are more interested in activities that are oral (e.g. talking, eating, smoking)

Question 25

What is the Anal Character?

Answer 25

presumed to result out of relatively strict enforcement of toilet training, leading to a relative overemphasis or fixation to infantile sexuality at the anal stage; adults will turn out as relatively orderly in arranging their affairs, parsimonious in managing resources

Question 26

What is the Phallic or genital character?

Answer 26

marked by adult traits of relative curiosity, competitiveness, or exhibitionism

Question 27

What is Metapsychology? (Freud)

Answer 27

general model of the mind, to explain everyday mental phenomena and not only hysterical symptoms and dreams

Question 28

What is Freud’s 1923 model that represents three kinds of psychic demands?

Answer 28

Human mind is constantly beset by three kinds of demands that inevitably conflict with one another

1. Id: respiratory of unconscious but powerful impulses and energies from the instincts, wants immediate reward
2. Superego: moral demands
3. Ego: produces compromises between instinctual gratification that will not endanger organism from physical reality or violate the dictates of conscience

Question 29

What are the defense mechanisms?

Answer 29

Displacement
Projection
Intellectualization
Denial 
Rationalization
Identification

Question 30

What is Displacement?

Answer 30

Redirecting an impulse toward a substitute target that resembles the original in some way, but is ‘safer’

Question 31

What is Projection?

Answer 31

Person not directly acknowledging his or her own unacceptable impulses but reversing that by attributing them to someone else

Question 32

What is Intellectualization?

Answer 32

Impulse- and emotion-charged subject is directly approached, but in a strictly intellectual manner that avoids emotional involvement

Question 33

What is Denial?

Answer 33

Changing memory of gratification after they have occurred

Question 34

What is Rationalization?

Answer 34

Acting because of one motive but explaining the behavior (to oneself and others) on the basis of another, more acceptable one

Question 35

What is Identification?

Answer 35

Psychological reason for the establishment of the superego

Question 36

What were the 3 narcissistic Trauma’s of mankind?

Answer 36

1. Geocentric model
2. Darwin’s evolutionary theory
3. Freud’s ‘unconscious’: we do not have power in our own house

Question 37

What is the 1st theory of instances made up off?

Answer 37

• conscious and unconscious divided by defense mechanisms

Question 38

What is the 2nd theory of instances made up off?

Answer 38

Superego: norms
Ego: has to combine instinctual needs with environmental capabilities
Id: instinctual drives