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History of Psychology > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the three critical discoveries made during the scientific revolution?

A
  1. Earth did not form center of universe – Copernicus and Galilei.
  2. Many things on Earth can be understood as complex machines – Descartes.
  3. Many movements on Earth and in universe can be described using simple mathematical equations (laws of physics) – Newton.
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2
Q

What time did the scientific revolution take place?

A

The 17th century

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3
Q

What is the Geocentric model?

A

Model of universe in which Earth is at center

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4
Q

Who described and what were the problems with the initial model?

A

Aristotle described it, but one problem with this universe were the movements of some wandering stars

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5
Q

Who elaborated the Aristotle’s Geocentric model and how?

A

Ptolemy added ‘epicylces’ -Small cycles made by planets in addition to main orbit around Earth.

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6
Q

Who created the Heliocentric model?

A

Copernicus (1473-1543)

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7
Q

Who was the first person to take the Heliocentric model seriously?

A

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)- In 1600 he developed three laws of planetary motion that would simplify astronomy.

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8
Q

What did Galilei create and what discoveries did he make?

A 
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - built his own telescope
- there are more stars than those visible to naked eye (perception is subjective)
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9
Q

When did the church accept the Heliocentric model?

A

In 1822 the Pope allowed printing of works.

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10
Q

What 6 Factors contributed to the Scientific Revolution?

A
  1. Demographic changes
  2. Absence of pressure from Religion or Authority
  3. New Inventions
  4. Existence of Universities and Patronage
  5. Enrichment from Greek and Arab Civilizations
  6. Natural Philosophy became detached from Philosophical Questions
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11
Q

What 3 Factors helped the rising Science grow?

A
  1. Absence of disaster
  2. Benevolent religion
  3. Establishment of learned societies
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12
Q

Who is the main person associated with change? What did he claim?

A 
Francis Bacon (1562-1626)
- neither perception or reasoning alone provides progress -> Interactions between both is required.
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13
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

Who used it?

A

Form of reasoning in which one starts from a number of indisputable premises, from which new, true conclusion can be drawn, if the rules of logic are followed.
Reasoning of Plato, Aristotle, Descartes and Catholic Church

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14
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Form of reasoning in which one starts from observations and tries to reach general conclusions on the basis of convergences in the observations. It is needed in science to turn observed phenomena into scientific laws but does not guarantee that the conclusion is true.

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15
Q

What is experimental history and who introduced it?

A

a method introduced by Bacon (1620), in which the natural philosopher extracts the truth from Nature, by active manipulation and examination of the consequences of the intervention

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16
Q

What three factory hindered historian’s awareness of impact of science on society?

A
  1. Historians did not feel close to science because they were part of humanist culture;
  2. To them, accumulation of scientific knowledge seemed slow, spanning over 3-4 millennia, without interesting twists;
  3. Many of them questioned whether there was actually a ‘scientific progress’.
17
Q

What is a worldview?

A

Generally refers to system of beliefs that are interconnected.
Puzzle metaphor: Central pieces - cannot be replaced; Peripheral pieces - can be replaced with little alteration

18
Q

What are the two causes of modern science? (Hooykaas)

A
  1. New natural history and methodological epistemological changes connected with it;
  2. Transition from organistic to mechanistic view of world.
19
Q

What are the characteristics of modern science? (Hooykaas)

A
  1. It acknowledges no authorities except that of nature itself -> Rational and critical empiricism triumphs over rationalism.
  2. It is experimental -> Built on direct observation of nature and artificial experiments.
  3. It favors a mechanistic world picture -> It explains natural phenomena as much as possible by analogy with a mechanism. Ancient science tended to an organistic world view and saw non-living things similar to organic beings.
  4. It tries as much as possible to describe/explain natural things and events in mathematical terms and to quantify qualities.
20
Q

What historical events created favorable climate for science? (Hooykaas)

A
  • Emergence of theological voluntarism, in opposition to intellectualism.
  • Emergence of mechanistic conceptions over against organistic ones.
  • Emancipation of manual workers and acceptance of manual experiments.
  • Extension of natural history on basis of experience rather than book-learning due to geographical revolution.
21
Q

What does science imply? (Dear)

A
  • practiced by scientists
  • natural philosophy: aspect of science concerned with explaining and understanding the world (scientific worldview)
  • power over matter and (indirectly) people
  • a form of engineering
22
Q

To which bodies of knowledge do we apply science as a label? (Dear)

A
  • knowledge that is grounded in evidence, critical experimentation, observation and rigorous reasoning
23
Q

What does the term ‘Instrumentality’ refer to in scientific theories? (Dear)

A

The practical efficacy of that theory, a component of science, distinguishable from its natural philosophy

24
Q

Who was responsible for the change of view on natuaral philosophy in the 17th and 18th century? (Dear)

A
  1. Bacon - ‘true philosophy should be concerned with active intervention in nature for the benefit of mankind’
  2. Newton - lent himself to instrumentality
25
Q

What is teleology and who’s worldview is characterized by it?

A

the explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather than of the cause by which they arise.
- Aristotle’s universe

History of Psychology (9 decks)

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