Task 4 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Reproduction restraint
Adaptations that evolve because it increased the likelihood of survival for the population in bad times
Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
Strategy which, if adopted by the population in a given environment, cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy that is initially rare
Kin selection
Evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives, even at a cost to own reproduction and survival
Hamilton’s rule
Kin selection causes genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost to the actor (r*b > c)
Inclusive fitness
Ability of an individual organism to pass on its genes to the next generation, taking into account the shared genes passed on by the organism’s close relatives
Alloparenting
An individual other than the biological parent of an offspring that performs the functions of a parent
Cooperation
Action / process of working together to the same end
Altruism
Selfless concern for the well-being of others – behaviour that benefits others at costs for the actor
Mutual-benefits behaviour
Behaviour that is beneficial both to the actor and the recipient (type of cooperation)
By-product benefits
Situations where the mutual benefit arises simply from every individual following its own immediate self-interest
Direct reciprocity
We help individuals that helped us (=tit-for-tat)
Indirect reciprocity
elp is given to individuals based on their reputation, bad acts (such as not helping) reduce an individual’s reputation while good acts (such as helping) increase an individual’s reputation.
Green beard effect
Explanation of selective altruism among individuals of a species. Occurs when an allele produces 3 effects: a perceptible trait (the green beard), recognition if this trait by others, preferential treatment of individuals with the trait
Eusociality
Highest level of organization of animal sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care, overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labour into reproductive and non-reproductive groups.
Philopatry
Tendency of an organism to stay in or habitually return to a particular area.
Reproductive altruism
Behaviour that increases other organisms’ fitness and permanently decreases the actor’s own fitness
Ultimate explanations
Why something occurs – “real” reason behind a behaviour, concerned with the fitness consequences of a trait or behaviour and whether it is (or is not) selected
Proximate explanations
How something occurs, concerned with the mechanisms that underpin the trait or behaviour
Parochial altruism
Self-sacrifice to benefit our own group (“in-group love”) and to hurt or sabotage out-groups (“out-group aggression”)
Grudger
Always co-operates unless the other defects – then he only defects (he is pissed off)
Tit-for-tat
nice” strategy, is forgiving and allows cooperation again, retaliating, only copying and therefore cannot win, only tie or loose, just reacts to the previous action of the other (no past and no future matters
Tit-for-two-tat
Forgiving tit-for-tat = 2 defections are required before the person using this strategy gets “pissed off” and defects as well
Joss
Strategy that is basically tit-for-tat but sometimes tries defecting
Tester
Strategy starts of cooperating and then defects to see what the opponent does and to find out their strategy