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Genetics > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

consists of all genetic information instruction of cell, all the chromosomes together

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane bound structure that contains the cell’s genes and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction

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3
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells

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4
Q

Germ cells

A

Cell containing half the number of chromosomes (only 23), able to unite with one form of the opposite sex to form a new individual (gamete)

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells (haploid) that only carry one copy of each chromosome

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like structure of nucleic acids and proteins carrying the genetic information (DNA) in the form of genes

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7
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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8
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Cells that have no nucleus, DNA can be everywhere (bactria)

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in 2 daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus (occurs in tissue growth)

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (occurs in the production of gametes)

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11
Q

Nucleotides / base pairs / nucleobases

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of 3 subunit molecules (nitrogenous base, 5-carbon-sugar and 1 or more phosphate groups)

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12
Q

Forward strand

A

5’ to 3’ strand of the double helix

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13
Q

Reverse complement strand

A

3’ to 5’ strand of the double helix

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14
Q

Sugar-phosphate backbones

A

Makes up the strands of the DNA

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15
Q

Double/α-helix

A

tructure of the DNA (formed by sugar-phosphates and base pairs)

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16
Q

Helicase

A

Enzymes that “unpackage” an organisms genes (open up the DNA so it can duplicate)

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17
Q

DNA polymerases

A

Enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules, essential for DNA replication

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18
Q

Replication fork

A

Place where the helicase splitted up the 2 strands of DNA

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19
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding part of the DNA that stay in the nucleus and are removed by spliceosomes

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20
Q

Exons

A

Coding part of the DNA that exit the cell nucleus and gets translated into RNA and then encodes the amino acids at the ribosomes

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21
Q

Transcription

A

First step of gene expression in which a particular segment (the exon) of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

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22
Q

Splicing

A

Editing of the precursor of mRNA (pre-mRNA / RNA) into mRNA with the removing of introns and the ligation (joining) of exons

23
Q

Translation

A

Process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins with the help of tRNA that adds up the amino acids coded for by the mRNA

24
Q

Ribosomes

A

Molecular machine that serves protein synthesis, link amino acids together in the order specified by the mRNA

25
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid, formed through transcription (does not have the nucleic acid thymine but instead uracil)

26
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA, which only contains the exons and leaves the cell nucleus in order to travel to the ribosomes

27
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA that transports the amino acids and delivers them to the ribosomes when needed

28
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functioning groups, building blocks of proteins

29
Q

Protein

A

Made up of amino acid (chains)

30
Q

Triplet / Codon

A

Set of 3 adjacent nucleotides that as a group (triplet) code for one specific amino acid

31
Q

Redundancy

A

Situation in which a biochemical function (amino acid) is encoded by 2 or more different codons

32
Q

Central dogma in genetics

A

Flow of genetic information within a biological system, which goes only in one direction and not the other: DNA makes RNA and RNA is transcripted into mRNA which makes (via translation) proteins

33
Q

Gene mutation

A

Permanent alteration in the DNA sequence such that it differs from what is found in most people, can differ in size (single base pair to large part of a chromosome / multiple genes)

34
Q

Frameshift

A

Mutation caused by the addition or deletion of one or more base pairs in the DNA of a gene resulting in a wrong translation of the genetic code and mutated proteins

35
Q

Types of mutations

A

Point mutation, slippage, transposition, chromosomal mutations, mutagens, frameshift mutation

36
Q

Point mutation

A

Mutation affecting only 1 or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence

37
Q

Slippage

A

Mutation leading to trinucleotide or dinucleotide expansion or contraction during DNA replication A slippage event normally occurs when a sequence of repetitive nucleotides is found at the site of replication.

38
Q

Transposition

A

Mutation in which a chromosomal segment is transferred to a new position on the same or another chromosome

39
Q

Synonymous mutation

A

Change in the DNA sequence that codes for amino acids in a protein sequence but does not change the encoded amino acid. Due to the redundancy of the genetic code

40
Q

Non-synonymous mutation

A

Mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein.

41
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

42
Q

Methylation

A

Process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription.

43
Q

Histone modification

A

Covalent post-translational modification (PTM) to histone proteins which includes methylation and can impact gene expression by altering chromatin structure or recruiting histone modifiers.

44
Q

Genetic linkage

A

Tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.

45
Q

Recombination

A

Production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. In eukaryotes, genetic recombination during meiosis can lead to a novel set of genetic information that can be passed on from the parents to the offspring.

46
Q

Dominant vs. recessive

A

Genes that rule over others and that are (if present) expressed in the phenotype are called dominant (Capital Letters), while the others that are overruled are called recessive genes (small letters)

47
Q

Gaussian curve of human nature

A

Bell curve with “normal” and most common behaviour around the mean / peak and extreme behaviours to the left and right ends

48
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of 3 subunit molecules: nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar and (at least) one phosphate group

49
Q

Purine

A

Adenine, Guanine

50
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Cytosine, Thymine

51
Q

Codon

A

The nucleotide triplet that codes for an amino acid in Translation

52
Q

Diploid cell

A

Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes

53
Q

Haploid cell

A

Cells that have only 1 set of chromosomes (egg/sperm cells)

Genetics (5 decks)

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