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Psychology in Society > Task 3 Sport Psychology > Flashcards

Task 3 Sport Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

PST is the short version of?

A

Psychological skills training

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2
Q

What is PST?

A

PST refers to systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills for the purpose of enhancing performance, increasing enjoyment, or achieving greater sport and physical activity self-satisfaction

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3
Q

In which aspect are physical skills similar to psychological skills?

A

both need to be systematically practiced and refined through repetitions

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4
Q

The importance of mental skills is seen in the highly valued attribute of mental toughness.
Mental toughness has usually to do with an athletes..

A
  • ability to focus
  • ability to rebound from failure
  • ability to cope with pressure
  • determination to persist in the face of adversity (pursuing goals)
  • mental resilience
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5
Q

Social-cognitive framework

explain with an example

A

the individual and their perception of the situation will determine whether the individual acts mentally tough or not
-> accounts for the difference in performance of two physically equally able people
= interaction of person and environment (one perceives upcoming championships as stressor the other as opportunity)

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6
Q

One goal of PST is to build up

A

mental toughness

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7
Q

What can coaches do to improve mental toughness ?

A
  • create a positive motivational environment
  • competitive practices
  • pressure simulations
  • setting specific goals
  • feedback
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8
Q

Mental toughness includes the construct of..

A

motivation
dealing with pressure
confidence
concentration

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9
Q

When are this attributes employed?

A

before (goal setting) during (coping with pressure) and after (handling failure) competition

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10
Q

Name the 4 terms of the 4C Model

A

control
commitment
challenge
confidence

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11
Q

Athletes differ in superior performance intelligence

What do people with superior performance intelligence know?

A
  • Know how to maximize potential
  • know how to work with environment
  • know how to deliver high performance
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12
Q

To maximize potential you have to ..

A
  • know yourself and your capabilities
  • stretch yourself (wanting to be the best- believe you can achieve it)
  • sustain yourself
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13
Q

To work with your environment you have to ..

A
  • know the environment
  • shape it
  • be in tune with it
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14
Q

to deliver high performance you have to ..

A
  • plan and prepare
  • deliver under pressur
  • evaluate (einschätzen)
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15
Q

Give three reasons why coaches and athletes often neglect PST?

A
  1. Lack of knowledge
  2. Misunderstanding about psychological skills
  3. Lack of time
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16
Q

What is meant by “Lack of knowledge”?

A

It is not easy to „just relax“; players not always know how to concentrate

Relaxation and concentration must be practice to become effective tools one can use in competition

Advices need action-orientated approaches and plans for improving mental skills
But many coaches simply do not feel comfortable teaching mental skills; they don’t really understand how to teach them

Need for coach education programs, more mental training resources (audio, video) , development of hands-on exercises

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17
Q

Explain the meaning of “misunderstanding about psychological skills”

A

It is a misconception that champions are born rather than made

We are all born with certain physical and psychological predispositions, but skills can be learned and developed, depending on the experience we encounter

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18
Q

What is meant by “ lack of time”

A

Coaches tend to not make time for PST as they prefer physical training

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19
Q

Identify the knowledge base for PST

Name the two principle sources of which it has developed

A

Research studies

practical experience

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20
Q

Explain the research studies of knowledge base for PST in more detail

A

Original research studies have been conducted with athletes who demonstrate superior psychological skills (compared with athletes who performed less successfully)

More successful players differ from less successful players in how developed their psychological skills are

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21
Q

Explain the practical experience of knowledge base for PST in more detail

A

Relates to coaches and athletes whose sport experience has convinced them of the importance of psychological skill in maximizing performance and has convinced them that these skills should be integrate athletes daily training regimens

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22
Q

Who should conduct PST programs?

A

PST program should be planned, implemented and supervised by a qualified SPC

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23
Q

What does a SPC needs?

A

A SPC needs a certification which requires a person to have extensive backgrounds in both the sport and psychological sciences and some practical, supervised experience in implementing PST with athletes and teams

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24
Q

When to implement a PST program?

A

In the off-season or pre-season when there is more time and no pressure about competitions

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25
Q

How long should a training last?

A

10 to 15 minutes a day, 3-5 times a week
it should be integrated in physical training routine
mental training should continued throughout a athletes sport participation

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26
Q

Who is PST for?

A

For sport and exercise participants who fall victim to mental letdowns and mistakes

is appropriate for all athletes, including young, developing athletes and special populations such as people who mentally disabled or intellectually challenged or physical challenged

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27
Q

Name 4 myths which have developed regarding the use of PST

A
  1. PST is only for problem athletes/ for athletes who have serious psychological problems or disorders
  2. PST is only for elite athletes
  3. PST provides “quick fix” solutions to complex problems
  4. PST does not really work
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28
Q

Why is PST not only for problem athletes?

A

This myth is wrong because there is a big difference between educational Sport-psychology and clinical Sport Psychology

Most athletes psychological needs can be addressed by educational sport psychologists who focus on helping develop mental skills in athletes with normal range of functioning

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29
Q

Why is PST not only for elite athletes?

A

especially younger athletes may think so because of media reports, but in reality, many groups receive SPC

it is appropriate for all athletes, including young, developing athletes and special populations such as people who are mentally disabled or intellectually challenged

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30
Q

SPC is the short version of?

A

Sport psychological consolation

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31
Q

Why is the believe that PST provides quick fix solutions to complex problems wrong?

A

This belief is wrong because, psychological skills take time and practice to develop

PST helps athletes to reach their potential and maximize their abilities but it won’t turn an average player into a superstar

32
Q

Name 3 different phases of PST program

A
  1. Education Phase
  2. Acquistino phase (Aneignung)
  3. Practice Phase
33
Q

Education Phase
definition
What?

A

= learning about the importance of PST

What?
Participants learn about the importance of Psychological Skills for their performance, duration depends hardly on personality (task-oriented vs. ego-oriented)
How important do you think is the mental side of sport performance?
How often do you practice developing mental skills compared with practicing physical skills?

34
Q

Education Phase

How do athletes learn about the importance of PST?

A

Giving examples of certain techniques and their direct connection to the performance, let the participants, monitor different situations and their corresponding metal states & enforcing the importance of PST by naming famous players, who received PST
Increase athlete awareness of the role that mental skills pay in performance

35
Q

Acquisition Phase

What?

A

= learning the mental skills

What? Participants acquire different techniques and strategies for leaning the various psychological skills

36
Q

Akquisition Phase

How do athletes learn the mental skills?

A

How? By formal meetings to discuss the theory, followed by individual meetings to practice the specific strategies that fit to an athletes unique needs and abilities
You teach athletes how to use positive coping in actual competitive settings

37
Q

Practice phase

What?

A

= using the mental skills during training - before using them in competition

What? Automate skills, learn how to systematically integrate skills into performance situations & stimulate skills that are useful in competition situation

38
Q

Name 3 primary objectives of the practice phase

A
  • To automate skills through over learning
  • To teach people to systematically integrate psychological skills into their performance situation
  • To simulate sills people will want to apply in actual competitions
39
Q

Practice phase

How do athletes learn using mental skills?

A

Simulate various competitive situations and guide the players through the situation that for example requires arousal regulation -> shift to autonomous use of different techniques while keeping track on the learning success with help of a logbook for example

40
Q

What is the ultimate goal of PST?

A

self regulation

After PST an athlete should be able to monitor and self-regulate his inner emotional state adapt to environmental change

41
Q

define self-regulation

A

= the ability to work towards ones short and longterm goals by effectively monitoring and managing ones thoughts, feelings and behavior

42
Q

Kirschenbaum defined 5 stages of self-regulation

Which are these?

A
  1. problem identification
  2. commitment
  3. execution
  4. environmental management
  5. generalization
43
Q

explain the stage “problem identification” more in detail

A

is the Ability to identify a problem, determine that change is possible & desirable, take responsibility for its solution

44
Q

explain the stage “commitment” more in detail

A

Athlete must make a commitment to change and deal with obstacles (Hürden), such as slowness of progress and the need for regular practice of mental skills, that will arise during the change process

45
Q

explain the stage “execution” more in detail

A

Athlete needs to self-evaluate, self-monitor, develop appropriate expectancies and self-reinforce

46
Q

explain the stage “environmental management” more in detail

A

Planning and deriving strategies for managing the social and physical environment (e.g. coaches, teammates..) that affect the athlete

47
Q

explain the stage “ generalization” more in detail

A

Involves sustaining efforts over time and extending behaviors to new conditions and settings

48
Q

Name 5 steps of developing / designing a PST program

A
  1. Discuss your approach
  2. Asses the athletes mental skills
  3. determine which psychological skills to include
  4. design a PST schedule
  5. Evaluate the program
49
Q

What are you doing while discussing your approach?

A

Explain the difference between educational and clinical SPC to counteract myths about PST

Build trust and a good relationship

50
Q

What are you doing by assessing the athletes mental skills?

A

Use of different psychological assessment techniques e.g. performance profiling

Consider subjective & objective perspectives, as well as other parties involved (e.g. trainers)

Consider the unique demands of the sport

51
Q

What are you doing after assessing the athletes mental skills ( his strength and weaknesses)

A

You determine which psychological skills are lacking and should be included in the program

52
Q

What are you doing by designing a PST schedule?

A

holding Frequent, shorter meetings (are more effective than longer less frequent meetings )

holding Formal and informal meetings to strengthen relationship

Make PST part of daily practice

53
Q

What are you doing by evaluating the program

A

provide feedbacks for gauging the programs effectiveness and then modify the program if necessary

hold Interviews, written assessments & objective performance measures

54
Q

Name 4 common problems in implementing PST

A
  1. lack of conviction (of coach and athlete)
  2. Lack of time (coach believe physical practice is more important)
  3. Lack of sport knowledge (of the SPC)
  4. Lack of follow up ( skills must be practice to get well enough to use under pressure)
55
Q

define Injury

A

= trauma to the body that results in at least temporary (but sometimes permanent) physical disability & inhibition of motor function, participating while feeling pain

56
Q

Complete 4 sentences which describe injury in more detail

injury …

A
  1. Injury needs mental attention during participation
  2. Injury involves in loos/ change in function that affects performance
  3. Injured person muss decide whether to continue participating while having pain
  4. Injury # discomfort; feeling discomfort or pain does not immediately mean that you are injured
57
Q

Name 6 causes / factors of injury

A
  1. Physical factors
  2. Social factors
  3. Psychological factors
  4. Personality factors
  5. stress Levels
  6. Other factors
58
Q

Name 4 primary causes of physical factors

A

overtraining
physical fatigue
high-speed collisions
muscle imbalance

59
Q

How do social factors influence injury ?

A

Athletes percept that playing with pain /injury is highly valued in society

they endure pain to reach their goal

60
Q

How do psychological factors influence injury?

A

this factors influence the incidence of injury, response to injury and injury recovery

61
Q

What does the Stress-Athletic injury model explain?

A

explains how much stress an injury causes, when it already happened and subsequently influences the individual’s recovery

explains physical illnesses as a cause of intense training and psychosocial variables

62
Q

How do stress levels influence injury?

A

People with high levels of life stress have more sport- and exercise-related injuries
Stress sources influence recovery time after an injury are mostly psychological (fear, shattered hopes)

63
Q

How do personality factors influence stress?

A

optimism, self-esteem, hardiness and trait anxiety are shown to influence athletic injuries
operate as moderators of the stress-injury relation

64
Q

Name other factors which influence injury

A

Acting tough and giving 110% “no pain no gain”
Feeling of being worthless when injured – so play when hurt and get even worse injuries
Sport ethics
Play through pain because winning is more important and also to be valued by teammates and coach
Long-term health jeopardised by short-term goal of winning

65
Q

Name 2 theories to explain the stress injury relationship

A

Attentional disruption

Increased muscle tension

66
Q

Explain the theory of attentional disruption

A

Stress disrupts an athlete’s attention by reducing peripheral attention. Increased state anxiety causes distraction and irrelevant thoughts

67
Q

Explain the theory of increased muscle tension

A

High stress can be accompanied by considerable muscle tension that interferes with normal coordination and increases the chance of injury. Increased stress may also lead to generalized fatigue, muscle inefficiency, reduced flexibility, and motor coordination problems

68
Q

You can expect injured individuals to exhibit 3 general categories of responses. Which are this?

A
  1. Injury relevant information processing
  2. Emotional upheaval and reactive behavior
  3. Positive outlook and coping
69
Q

What do individuals do during Injury relevant information processing?

A
  • focus on information related to the pain on the injury
  • questions about how the injury happened
  • recognize the negative consequences and inconvenience
70
Q

What are individuals doing during the emotional upheaval and reactive behavior

A

athlete realize that he is injured; feels emotionally dependent, feel isolated and disconnected

71
Q

What are individuals doing while positive outlook, coping?

A

they accept the injury

become optimistic

72
Q

Name 5 other reactions towards getting/ being injured

A

Identity loss -individuals losing part of their self-concept

fear and anxiety – whether they will be replaced etc.

lack of confidence – can lead to decreased motivation or additional injury caused by overcompensation

performance decrements – hard to lower expectations to own performance for athletes

group processes – positive or negative

73
Q

What can you do if exercisers are injured?

A

Build rapport with the injured party- take the athletes perspective, provide emotional support, be realistic but positive
Educate the injured person about the injury and recovery process

74
Q

Which specific coping skills can you teach? Name 8

A

Goal setting (highly motivated athletes are in danger to overdo and reinjure)

Positive self-talk (counteract lowered confidence)

Imagery (even though it sounds weird, healing imagery is seen to help)

Visualization

Relaxation training (relieving stress)

Teach how to cope with setbacks (encourage athletes to talk about their feelings, goals need to be evaluated and from time to time redefined)

Foster social support (different form required in different phases) can significantly influence recovery

Learn from injured athletes (read or talk about others’ experiences and recommendations)

75
Q

Name 3 phases of injury recovery

A
  1. Injury or illness phase
    – focus on helping the athlete to understand the injury (lower stress of uncertainty)
  2. Rehabilitation and recovery phase - Focus attention on helping to sustain motivation through goal setting & maintaining a positive attitude
  3. Return to full activity phase – returning back to normal competition is a major psychological challenge, although an athlete is physically cleared

Psychology in Society (6 decks)

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