Task 3

Question 1

When do we say someone is overweight?

Answer 1

When the BMI(body mass index) is between 25 and 29.9.

Question 2

When do we say someone is obese?

Answer 2

Whan the BMI is beyond 30

Question 3

Why is obsesity considered as an illness?

Answer 3

Obesity is considered as a sickness since it can have minor to huge consequences not only on health issues but alson psychological factors like life satisfaction, social liabilities, body image distress…

Which in turn can lead to emotional problems, disorders or even depression.

Question 4

What are the two factors where obesity shows itself?

Answer 4

Bilogical and social factors.

Question 5

What are the biological factors of obesity?

How does stress affect obesitiy?

Answer 5

A poor diet and excess weight could affect mood changes in neurotranslitter releasd which affects one´s body image. Stress can facilitate eating which influences our body fat distribution and cortisol release. Changes in blood pressure,lipids…

Question 6

What are the social factors of obesity?

Answer 6

There is a strong anti-fat in the media, schols and our evryday life and environment, which results in discrimination and “fat jokes”. This bias is equally strong as those against race and gender. In our society, obese people have huge disadvantages in education, employment and health care as wellas injury selection, because of the attributes and stigmatization they are linked to.

Question 7

What are some “anti-fat attitudes” that are prevalent in modern society?

Answer 7

Movies that include overweight characters often depict them as objects or jokes or shows them eating out of control.

Question 8

Why are obese people blamed and discriminated?

Answer 8

Because they are thought to have personal control over their misery nd weight and are therefore blamed and discriminated.

Question 9

What is the attribution theory?

Answer 9

When people encounter an individual belonging to a stigmatized group, they search for the cause of the stigma. If the stigmatized trait is thought to be under personal control (e.g. weight) the others blame the one with the stigma because bias seems reasonable and discrimination seems justified.

Question 10

How does the attribution theory relate to obesity?

Answer 10

In obesity, the individuals are highly stigmatized because they are thought to be responsible for it and this leads to personality explanations(weak will, lazy, sloppy, incompetent, emotionally unstable, defective as people)

Question 11

What is the cobweb-model?

Answer 11

Weight stigma produces stress and accomapnying responses that lead to emotinal eating, weight gain etc, which in trun increase the vulnerability to weight stigma.

Question 12

What do emotinal responses to weight stigma as weel as weight teasing zhave a direct effect in?

Answer 12

On disrodered eating (including binge ating, night eating,) for both males and females.

Question 13

What is the weight bias internalization and how doe sit relate to the “self fulfilling prophecy”?

Answer 13

Weight bias internalization is the acceptance of the attributes and bias that cones up against one stigmatized group, like, overweight or obese people. The internalization of these biases is associated with greater distress and binge eating. On obese/overweight individual knows that others may think of her as sloppy, weak or lazy and this makes that person behave in that exact way thus proving the concept of self fulfilling prophecy

Question 14

What are some of the multiple risk factors associated with body image distress that can have an influence on one´s body image and weight status?

Answer 14

Current weight status

Current weight trajectory

Gender

Race

Sexual orientation

BED

History of weight cycling

Phantom fat

Age of obesity onset

Strong investment in appearance

Question 15

In what consistes the current weight status factor?

Answer 15

The higher the BMI, the higher the body dissatisfaction. However, this correlation cannot be hold for subgroups of overweight people such as those with BED (= binge eating disroder).

Question 16

In what consists the current weight trajectory factor?

Answer 16

Whether one is in the state of gaining, losing or maintaining weight influences his/her body image in so far that it improves during weight loss.

I.e a person weighing 150 kg who has lost 30 kg has a more positive body image and a greater body satisfaction than a person that weighs 150 kg but that just gained 30 kg.

Question 17

In what consists the gender factor?

Answer 17

Women are in general more dissatisfied with their body. A heavier man sees himself rather as big and strong than as fat like a woman would do. Women have a higher risk of weight gain and particularly high rates of obesity.

Question 18

In what consists the race factor?

Answer 18

Overweight black women are more satisfied with their bodies than overweight white women , due to a more flexible cultural standard and a greater acceptance for different body sizes and shapes.

Question 19

In what consists the sexual orientation factor?

Answer 19

Gay men have lower body dissatisfaction where as lesbian woman ten do weigh more but are not as disatisfied with their bodies as heterosexual woman.

Question 20

In what consists the BED factor?

Answer 20

Obese people with binge eating disorders experience more psychological distress and have a poorer body imaage.

Question 21

In what consists the history of weight cycling?

Answer 21

People taht see themselves as weight cyclers have a higher body dissatisfaction and lower self streem.

The subjective experience of weight cyclin gi the biggest predictor for body dissatisfaction rather than the obbjective judgement whether one regained weight.

Question 22

What is weight cycling?

Answer 22

Also known as the Yo-Yo effect it is the cyclical loss and gain of weight,

Question 23

In what consists the phantom fat factor?

Answer 23

Formerly overweight people dont achieve the same positive body image as those who were never overweight..

Question 24

In what consists the age of obesity onset factor?

Negative coping strategies.

Answer 24

Those that were already obese as children have, because of teasing and bullying, higher body dissatisfaction. Also, the more the were teased during childhood the worse their body image, self steem and body dissatisfaction are.

Especially those that used negative coping strategies (i.e. crying, avoiding school,…) express the most dissatisfaction.

Question 25

IN what consists the strong investment in appearance factr?

Answer 25

Seeking weight loss and investing a great deal in appearance is related to body image dissatisfaction.

Question 26

What is the relatin between obesity znd body image?

Answer 26

There is a relation between the BMI, body dissatisfaction and body image amon gth eoverall population and among overweight and obese people, but not among subgroups of obesity( like patiens witth binge eating disroder because there the relations are more complex and complicated;)

Question 27

What is the key for psychological well being? what question arose for obese people,?

Answer 27

The key to psychological well being is on ebody image

The question arose, if psycholigical distress( i.e . a negative body image) is motivating?

Question 28

What are some interventions and treatments used to handle obesity?

Is weight loss really that important?

Answer 28

The body image treatment: As research hs shown a positive body image increases the likelihood of weight loss and the maintenance of weight as well as the motivation to exercise and live a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, the best way for overweight or obese people to loose weight is to increase their body image. Weight loss is not necessary for body image imrpovement but body acceptance, self acceptance, intrinsic motivation,… if the body image is improved, weight loss will follow afterwards.

Question 29

What is body dismorphia?

Answer 29

Body dismorphic disroder is the preoccupation with an imagined defect in ones appearance, this preocuppation can shift from one part of the body to another, therefore, plastic surgery does not cure this disorder. ( A patient goes to plastic surgery to do he rnose than when it looks like she/he wanted tackles anothe rpart of their body ) so, the patient is trapped in an everlasting, ongoing circle fo dissatisfaction and preoccupation with her appearance. BDD is sometimes also considered as a copmulsive obsessive disroder(OCD)

Question 30

What is an OCD?

Answer 30

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 31

What behaviors is body dismorphia associated with?

Answer 31

Many time consuming rituals such as mirror gazing or constant comparing. Patients have a distorted body image, which may be associated with bullying or abuse during childhood or adolescence, have a poor quality of life, are socially isolated , depreseed and have a high risk of suicide. They also often undergo needless dermatological treatment or plastic and cosmetic surgeries;

Question 32

What methos have evidence of trating body dismorphia which ones dont?

Answer 32

There is evidence for the benefir of cognitive bahavior therapy yet theres no evidence fir benefits of psychotherapy or drugs.

Question 33

Who are the demographics of peole with body dismorphia?

Answer 33

The higher prevalence of cases is in young adults and adolescents. And it is equally distributed among genders. Those wh are single and unemployed sufffer the most.

Question 34

When are the patients diagnosed -? why usualky nobody knows about it?

Answer 34

Usually the patients have not been formerly diagnosed with a disorder( at least not 10-15 years before the onset of BDD). BDD patients generally feel misunderstood and are secretive about their symptoms because they think they will be viewed as vin or narcissistic.

Question 35

Disorders that accompany behaviors and subtypes of BDD?

Answer 35

Muscle dysmorphia

Mirror gazing in BDD

Cosmetic surgery or dermatological treatment

Question 36

In what consists muscle dysmorphia in BDD?

Answer 36

Is an emerging phenomenon i society due to pressure on males to appear more muscular and lean has prompted a trend of psychological disorders, often linked to anorexia or bulimia.

Ahtletics are particularly succeptible

Question 37

In what consists mirror gazing in BDD?

Answer 37

Consists of a series of complex safety behaviors. It does not follow a simple model of anxiety reduction that occurs in the compulsive checking of obsessive compulsive behavior.

Question 38

What are the motivations for mirror gawing in mirror gazing in BDD?

Answer 38

Eternal hope of BDD patients that they will look different as their internal body image and finally feel comfortable with their appearance.

Uncertainty about their body image which makes them want to know exactly how they look, belief that one feel sworse if he/she does not look in the mirror,

desire to make themselves look as good as possible which results in an hour long mirror gazing

Both not gazing and gazing makes you more dissatisfied (comparble to OCD because you become more and more obsessed with it )

Question 39

Example of a study on mirror gazing in body image?

Answer 39

Two groups( BDD and cntrol) were compared and results showed that BDD mirror gazed way longer and did certain behvaiors in front of the mirror.( compare with internal images,…) and feel worse after looking atb the mirror.

Question 40

Example of cosmetic surgery or dermatological treatment.

Answer 40

Repeated surgery tended to lead to increasing dissatisfaction. Most of the patients in the study had multiple concerns about their appearance and, after the 50%, of the procdures, reported that the preoccupation and other symptoms of BDD transfereed to aniither area of the body. When patients were dissatisfied with their operation, they often felt guilty or angry with themselves or the surgeon at having made their appearance worse, thus further fueling their depression at a failure to achieve their ideal . This in turn tended to increse mirror gazing and a craving for more surgery

Question 41

What are some risk factors for the development of BDD?

Answer 41

Genetic predisposal
Shyness, perfectionism, or anxious temperament( which may also be partly genetically determined)
Childhood adversity, such as teasinng or bullying (about eithe rappearanc eor competence), poor relationships, social isolation, lack of support in teh family, sexual abuse…
history of dermatological or other physical stigmatization(acne)
being more aestheticzally sensitive than others

Question 42

Models and cognitive behavioural theoriesof BDD

Answer 42

The main two models are veale´s model and neziroglu´s model

both based on cash´s general cognitive social learning modle of image distubance

Question 43

What does cash´s model talk about?

Answer 43

How historical factors( cultural socialization,interpersonal experiences, physical characteristics, and personality attributes) lead to the development of body image perception and attitudes that elicit emotions and behaviors that are then maintained via negative reinforcement

Question 44

Veales and neziroglus models study by yourself man.

as well as their treatments. ..

Answer 44

Fuck…