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Development > Task 2 Wonder baby > Flashcards

Task 2 Wonder baby Flashcards

1
Q

Define Sensation

A

Sensation is the processing of basic information from the external world by our sensory receptors

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2
Q

define Perception

A

Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about objects, events and spatial layout of the world around us

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3
Q

Visual acuity
How well infants can perceive details?
On what do infants prefer to look?

A

Infants prefer to look at patterns of high visual contrast

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4
Q

What is meant by the statement that infants have a poor contrast sensitivity?

A

Infants can only detect a pattern when it has contrasting elements

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5
Q

Why do infants have a poor contrast sensitivity ?

Name 3 main reasons

A
  1. Because infants visual cortex is partially developed and becomes more developed at 3 to 6 months
  2. Because all-cone fovea contains widely spaced and poorly developed cone receptors
  3. Because during first month of life, they do not experience richly colorful world
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6
Q

How can we determine how an infant perceives objects of different sizes?

A

by measuring contrast sensitivity

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7
Q

How do you measure contrast sensitivity?

A

Contrast sensitivity is measured by determining smallest difference between dark ad light bars of grating, at which an observer can still detect the bars

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8
Q

Explain the term “spatial frequency”

A

Spatial frequency is a measure of how fine the bar pattern is on the retina
Determined by number of cycles of the grating per degree of visual angle
(one cycle is one light bar and one dark bar)

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9
Q

On what else does spacial frequency depends on?

A

Spacial frequency also depends on the gratings distance of the observer
moving closer to the grating decreases the spatial frequency

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10
Q

define “Contrast sensitivity function (CSF)”

A

CSF is a plot of contrast sensitivity versus spatial frequency

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11
Q

How is the basic visual capacity of a 1 month infant?

+ Give a biological reason

A

1 month old infants cannot see fine details and can only see large objects with high contrast
+ underdeveloped state of fovea forces it to see with rod-dominated peripheral retina

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12
Q

How is the basic visual capacity of a 2 month infant?

A

2 month infants contrast perception has improved (e.g. image looks clearly catlike)

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13
Q

How is the basic visual capacity of a 3-4 months infant?

A

3-4 month infants can differentiate happy faces and surprised, angry, neutral faces as well as a cat from a dog

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14
Q

When does an infant develop color vision?

A

Color vision develops early and appreciable color vision is presented within the first 3 to 4 months of life

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15
Q

On which 2 dimensions can the perception of light stimulus vary?

A
  1. on its chromatic color

2. on its brightness (Helligkeit)

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16
Q

At what age are infants able to use different kinds of depth information?

A

Different types of information become operative at different times

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17
Q

Does Binocular disparity or pictorial depth cues become functional earlier?

A

Binocular disparity becomes functional earlier and pictorial depth cues become functional later

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18
Q

Explain “optical expansion”

A

expansion= Ausdehnung / Erweiterung
Optical extension is a depth cue in which an object occludes (verstopft) increasingly more of the background, indicating that it is approaching

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19
Q

explain “Binocular disparity”

A

Binocular disparity is a depth cue in which differences between retinal image of object in each eye results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain

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20
Q

What is required for binocular disparity?

A

Eyes must be able to binocular fixate, so that eyes are both looking directly at object and two fovea are directed to same place

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21
Q

What are pictorial cues?

A

Pictorial cues are depth cues that depend on experience with environment and development of cognitive capabilities
These include overlap and familiar size

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22
Q

Explain “familiar size”

When do infants use it?

A

Infants familiarize with two objects of small and large size
It is predicted that infants perceive object to be closer if they remember it

ability to use familiar size to perceive depth appears to develop sometime between 5 and 7 month

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23
Q

How do infants perceive faces? Can they distinguish between faces?

A

Newborns and infants can distinguish between different faces and very young infants prefer to look at face-like stimuli

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24
Q

At what age are infants able to recognize their mothers face?

A

after 2 days babies are able to recognize their mothers face

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25
Q

Where is the disagreement according to perceiving faces?

A

There is a disagreement wether preference for faces is caused by special mechanism or same mechanism for perception of objects

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26
Q

What does “perceptual constancy” means in terms of object perception?

A

In the case of perceptual constancy, perception of objects being of constant size, shape and color, even if there are physical differences in the retinal image of the object

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27
Q

Is visual experience necessary for size constancy?

A

no

28
Q

define object segregation

A

Object segregation is the perception of boundaries between objects
the identification of separate objects in a visual array (Anordung)

29
Q

define common movement

A

Common movement is the fact that two segments always move together in the same direction and at same speed

30
Q

When does the ability to use movement as a way to organize the perceptual world develop?

A

The ability to use movement as a way to organize the perceptual world develops rapidly over the first few month of life

31
Q

Do newborns can hear and are capable of crude (grobe) sound localization?

A

yes

3-6-month-old – Infant and adult audibility functions (hör Funktionen) look similar

32
Q

When do infants recognize there mothers voice?

A

Directly after birth

33
Q

Name a reason for preference of mothers voice

A

They hear mother talking during development in womb

The baby in womb becomes familiar with sound cues, intonation and rhythm of mothers voice

34
Q

Which observation was done to see if newborns can identify sounds that they hear before like their mothers voice ?

A

2-day-old – Modify sucking on a nipple in order to hear sound of mother’s voice

35
Q

define speech perception

A

Speech perception is the ability to discern meaning through words and sentences emerges before the infant can produce speech.

36
Q

define Phonemes

A
  • Smallest unit that when changed, changes the meaning of a word. Each language is constructed from these units
37
Q

define Voice onset time (VOT)

A

Time delay between when sound begins and when the vocal cord begins vibrating

38
Q

define speech segmentation

A

Ability in infants to determine where in a string of sounds one word ends and another begins

39
Q

At what time is an infant able perceive speech / phonemes?

A

1-month-olds – Capable of categorical perception of phonemes even with no experience in producing or hearing speech sounds

40
Q

How is the speech perception of a one year old infant and which role plays experience into it?

A

1 year old has the Ability to distinguish between phonemes has become ‘tuned’ to phonemes of language to which they were exposed

41
Q

4-month-old Japanese – Can distinguish sounds ‘r’ and ‘l’ but by the time of 1 year old, it can no longer distinguish
Name the reason for this phenomenon

A

Infants become sensitive to distinctions between sounds that are important in their language

42
Q

define intermodal perception

A

Coordination of information from different senses (like hearing and vision) into a perceptual whole

43
Q

Explain the experiment of Kaye and Bower according to intermodal perception

A

Sucking behavior of infants determine what image appears on the screen

Result – 1-day-old infants are able of matching a shape they feel, to a shape they can see

44
Q

Explanier the experiment of Kuhl and Meltzoff according to intermodal perception

A

Baby (ca. 4 month) sees two women faces, each repeating different vowel sound that matches the lip movement of only one of the faces

Result – Children tend to look at sound-matching face. Infants are able to determine correspondence between seeing lip movements and hearing speech sounds

45
Q

How does olfaction (Geruchssinn) develop in infants?

A

Newborns can smell and can discriminate between different olfactory stimuli

Infants respond to banana/vanilla extract with sucking and facial expressions, such as smiles

Infants respond to concentrated shrimp/rotten eggs odor with rejection or disgust

46
Q

How does tase develop in infants?

A

Newborns can discriminate sweet, sour and bitter stimuli

Infants react with different facial expressions to sweet, sour and bitter stimuli

Young infants are indifferent to salty stimuli as they get older

47
Q

define social referencing

A

Process of communication whereby people actively seek and use others’ perception and interpretations of ambiguous situations to form own interpretations of those situations. It is primarily considered a visual phenomenon

48
Q

On what do infants guide their behavior?

A

Studies demonstrate that infants guide their behavior based on emotional cues people offer them

49
Q

Most infants crossed the cliff if mothers expressed..

A

Most infants crossed the cliff if mothers expressed interest / joy

50
Q

What do you know about vocally expressed emotions?

A

Vocally expressed emotions are stronger than facial signals because of acoustic properties that engender emotions

Previous study showed that voice alone (but not face alone) is powerful enough to guide infants’ behavior

51
Q

Name 2 reasons why Infants crossed faster in response to vocal-only than to facial-only cues
And why Voice is more potent channel of emotional communication than face

A

(1) Infants learn to respond to vocal-only cues and to trust the voice in order to social reference
(2) With vocal-only information, infants can focus and assess new situation while gathering auditory information about how to react. With visual and facial, infants must alternate their attention

52
Q

What was the study conclusion of the classical visual cliff study?

A

Human voice is a powerful modifier of infant behavior in ambiguous as well as threatening situations

53
Q

Explain the Preferential looking technique

“Can you tell the difference between the stimulus on the left and the one one the right?”

A

Method for studying visual attention in infants that involves showing them two stimuli (patterns/objects) at same time and see where the infant is looking. If one stimulus is more looked at than the other, it is concluded that the infant can tell the difference between them.

54
Q

Why does the preferential looking technique work?

A

The reason why the preferential looking technique is working is Spontaneous looking preferences = Infants prefer to look at certain types of stimuli

55
Q

Explain the visual evoked potential (EVP) technique

A

Method in which disk electrodes are over the visual cortex to measure electrical signals. Infant looks at grey field which is briefly replaced by either one of two patterns. When the stripes/checks become large enough to be detected by visual system, visual cortex creates VEP. It provides an objective measure of visual system’s ability to detect details.

56
Q

Explain the method of Habituation

A

Method for studying sensory and perceptual development that involves repeatedly presenting an infant with a particular stimulus until the infant’s response declines. Then, a new stimulus is presented and if the infant’s response increases, it is concluded that the infant can discriminate between the habituation stimulus and new stimulus.

57
Q

define dishabituation

A

Dishabituation is an Increase in looking time when stimulus is changed. Occurs because second stimulus appears different to the infant.

58
Q

Explain the random dot stereograms method

A

Infants are presented with one picture to their right and another to their left eye and see whether observer’s visual system can convert disparity information into perception of depth. It results in stereopsis, a process by which visual cortex combines differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity, resulting in perception of depth.

  • 3½ - 6 months – Time at which the ability to use disparity information to perceive depth emerges.
  • 5 – 7 months – Time at which children use pictorial cues to perceive depth.
59
Q

Explain the observer-based psychoacoustic procedure

A

Method in which an infant is presented with a tone or not and the observer’s task is to decide whether or not the infant heard the tone. The infant has earphones and the observer is watching the infant, out of his/her view
- Signs that infant heard the tone – Eye movement, change in facial expression, wide-eyed look, turn of head

60
Q

Explain the operant conditioning method

A

Method in which infants are given headphones and either hear their mother’s or a stranger’s voice, depending on the length of breaks during sucking. It was found that 2-days-old would modify their sucking to hear their mother’s voice.

61
Q

Explain the categorical perception experiment

A

Method that determines phonetic boundary, the VOT when perception changes from one word to the other. It has an experimenter vary the VOT and ask listeners what sound they hear. Even when VOT changed over a wide range, listeners could only perceive two categories. In infants sucking on nipple to hear speech sounds, their sucking rate decreased (= habituation) and when presented with a new stimulus, it increased again (= perceive difference).

62
Q

Explain the paired comparison method

A

Method combining habituation and preferential looking. A stimulus is presented during familiarization period. Then, during recognition period, ‘familiar’ stimulus is presented together with a new one and time infant looks at each stimulus is measured. If they look longer at new face, it means they can tell the difference between two faces.

63
Q

Explain the random dot stereograms method

A

Infants are presented with one picture to their right and another to their left eye and see whether observer’s visual system can convert disparity information into perception of depth. It results in stereopsis, a process by which visual cortex combines differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity, resulting in perception of depth.

  • 3½ - 6 months – Time at which the ability to use disparity information to perceive depth emerges.
  • 5 – 7 months – Time at which children use pictorial cues to perceive depth.
64
Q

Explain the observer-based psychoacoustic procedure

A

Method in which an infant is presented with a tone or not and the observer’s task is to decide whether or not the infant heard the tone. The infant has earphones and the observer is watching the infant, out of his/her view
- Signs that infant heard the tone – Eye movement, change in facial expression, wide-eyed look, turn of head

65
Q

Explain the operant conditioning method

A

Method in which infants are given headphones and either hear their mother’s or a stranger’s voice, depending on the length of breaks during sucking. It was found that 2-days-old would modify their sucking to hear their mother’s voice.

66
Q

Explain the categorical perception experiment

A

Method that determines phonetic boundary, the VOT when perception changes from one word to the other. It has an experimenter vary the VOT and ask listeners what sound they hear. Even when VOT changed over a wide range, listeners could only perceive two categories. In infants sucking on nipple to hear speech sounds, their sucking rate decreased (= habituation) and when presented with a new stimulus, it increased again (= perceive difference).

67
Q

Explain the paired comparison method

A

Method combining habituation and preferential looking. A stimulus is presented during familiarization period. Then, during recognition period, ‘familiar’ stimulus is presented together with a new one and time infant looks at each stimulus is measured. If they look longer at new face, it means they can tell the difference between two faces.

Development (5 decks)

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