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Development > Lecture "Research methods and brain development" (Task 3) > Flashcards

Lecture "Research methods and brain development" (Task 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 behavioral approaches

A
  1. naturalistic observations
  2. structured observations
  3. interviews and questionnaire
  4. meta-analytic studies
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2
Q

Name 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of naturalistic observations

A

+ view operations as they occur
+ adapt to events as they unfold
+ can note antecedents and consequences of behavior (see real-life behaviors)

  • participant reactivity and observer bias
  • little control over variables
  • cause-and-effect relationships difficult to establish
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3
Q

name 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of structured observations

A

+ more control over conditions that elect behavior

  • children may not react as they would in real life
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4
Q

name 1 advantage and 3 disadvantages of interviews and questionnaires

A

+ quick way to asses children knowledge or reports on behavior

  • children / parents may not respond truthfully or accurately
  • difficult to compare responses
  • researcher bias on questions and interpretation responses
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5
Q

name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of meta-analytic studies

A

+ pools large body of research to sort out conflicting findings
-+ no participants to observe

  • requires careful mathematical computation
  • variables may not have been defined identically across studies
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6
Q

name 3 imaging methods and explain what they are used for

A
  1. Structural MRI: Anatomical studies -> here grey and white matter densities can be computed for different regions and be compared across subjects and time
  2. Functional MRI: Activation patterns within structures -> shows activation patterns in the brain during different activities: speech, fingertip and listening
  3. EEG/ ERP recordings
    - > direct and continuous measures of electrical brain activity
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7
Q

Name 5 research designs

A
  1. Correlational design
  2. Experimental design
  3. Field experiment
  4. Quasi-experiment
  5. (single) Case-study
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8
Q

Name strengths and weaknesses of correlational designs

A

+ useful when conditions do not permit manipulation

-cannot determine cause-and effect relationships

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9
Q

Name strengest and weaknesses of experimental designs

A

+ can isolate cause-and-effect relationships

  • may not yield information about real-lief behaviors
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10
Q

Name strengths and weaknesses of field experiments

A

+ can isolate cause-and effect relationships; behaviors and observed in natural settings

  • less control over treatment conditions
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11
Q

Name strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experiments

A

+ takes advantage of natural separation of children into groups

  • factors other than the independent variables may be causing results
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12
Q

Name strengths and weaknesses of single case-studies

A

+ does not require large pool of participants

  • can be vulnerable to observer bias; ability to generalize to larger population may be limited
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13
Q

Name the 3 most important research designs in developmental research

A
  1. Cross-Sectional design =different groups compared at one time
  2. Longitudinal design =same group (group A) compared at different times (at age 10, 12 and 14 years)
  3. Sequential design =combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal design
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14
Q

Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of cross-sectional designs

A

+ require less time
+ less costly than longitudinal study

  • cannot study individual patterns of development or the stability to traits
  • subject to cohort (Generations) effects
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15
Q

name 1 advantage and 4 disadvantages of Longitudinal designs

A

+ can examine the stability of characteristics

  • requiere a significant investment of time and resources
  • problems with participants attrition (Abstumpfung)
  • can have age-history confound
  • learning effects
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16
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of sequential designs

A

+ combines the advantages of both longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches
+ can obtain information about stability of traits in a short period of time

-has some problems as longitudinal studies; but not a lesser degree

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17
Q

Name the 4 lobes the cerebrum consists of

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe

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18
Q

What is the frontal lobe for?

A 
motor cortex
"higher order functions" 
attention 
working memory 
planning
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19
Q

What is the temporal lobe for?

A

audition

language (understanding)

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20
Q

What is the Parietal lobe for?

A

associations

spatial functions

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21
Q

What is the occipital lobe for?

A

vision

complex object recognition

22
Q

regions related to primary functions mature first; which are these?

A

Motor / sensory system

23
Q

Regions associated with spatial attention / basic language skills develop next; which are these?

A

Temporal / partial association areas

24
Q

regions related to higher-order functions mature last; which are these?

A

prefrontal cortex

25
Q

Summarize functional imaging in 3 sentences

A
  1. Moe diffuse brain activity in infants and young children
  2. More regional activity in children and adolescents
  3. Shift from diffuse to focal / regional cortical regions
26
Q

By which two major organizational periods is brain development characterized?

A
  1. Prenatal: Conception till birth = brain tissue growth > related to structural development
  2. Postnatal: After birth= reorganization of the human cortex > related to functional / cognitive development
27
Q

Name 3 stages of prenatal development

A
  1. Germinal Stage
  2. Embryonic period
  3. Fetal period
28
Q

Germinal Stage:
When is it?
How is the human called at that stage?
Which processes are going on during that stage?

A

Days 0-14

Zygote

From conception to implantation in uterine wall; cell division

29
Q

Embryonic period:
When is it?
How is the human called at that stage?
Which processes are going on during that stage?

A

week 2-8

Embryo

Differentiation of most organs and body systems; a sensitive period of development

30
Q

Fetal period:
When is it?
How is the human called at that stage?
Which processes are going on during that stage?

A

week 8 - birth

Foetus

Growth in size and genesis of processes to help organs and system function

31
Q

One step of prenatal brain tissue growth is neurulation; explain the process

A

CNS arises from neural plate: Neural plate -> neural grove -> neural tube

Within 3 weeks from conception the first brain tissue is starting to form

32
Q

The second step of prenatal brain tissue growth is Proliferation / neurogenesis; explain the process

A

Differentiation of the neural tube

Production of new nerve cells

33
Q

The third step of prenatal brain tissue growth is migration and aggregation; explain the processes

A

Migration:

  • supported by glia cells
  • inside-out-pattern of cortical development
  • external influences e.g. alcohol > fetal alcohol syndrome

Aggregation:
-brain structure

34
Q

Where does the most growth of the prenatal structural brain development takes place?

A

Most growth takes place in cerebral cortex

35
Q

Summarize the prenatal brain development in 3 sentences

A
  1. First neuronal tissue develops from neural tube
  2. Cell proliferation, migration and aggregation processes -> structural brain development
  3. Highest susceptibility to major brain abnormalities around 2-6 weeks post conception
36
Q

Name 4 steps of the reorganization of the human cortex

A
  1. Dendritic / axonal growth
  2. Synapse production
  3. Pruning
  4. Myelination
37
Q

Explain the process of dendritic / axonal growth

A
  1. Axons and dendrites are formed
  2. AT tips of both axons and dendrites are growth cones
  3. Some axons have bridge long distances of up to 1m (motor neurons)
38
Q

Explain the process of synapse production (synaptogenesis)

A

During childhood there is a dendritic and axonal overproduction of 50%

But developmental processes continue throughout childhood and adolescence

39
Q

Explain the process of synaptic pruning

A

= loss of synapses
depending on brain region, 20-80 % of cells die during development

is followed by synaptogenesis

40
Q

Explain the process of myelination

A

Myelin is a fatty layer (glia cells)

Increases the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber

41
Q

Name 5 fields/ abilities of cognitive development during adolescence (12 to 18 years)

A

-ability to think abstractly
ability to analyze situations logically
-ability to think realistically about the future / goals
consider hypothetical situations, use of metaphors
-moral reasoning

but they are often bad in decision making

42
Q

When does the Reward / incentive “affective pathway” develop and to which changes is he linked to?

A

develops relatively early in adolescence

is linked to changes in the limbic system

43
Q

When does the Self regulation “cognitive pathway” develop and to which changes is he liked to ?

A

develops relatively late in adolescence

is liked to changes in the prefrontal cortex

44
Q

The nucleus accumbent in the limbic system is involved in..?

A

Risk taking
reward seeking
impulsivity

45
Q

The Amygdala of the limbic system is involved in..?

A

processing emotional information

46
Q

The Prefrontal cortex of the Limbic system is involved in..?

A

decision making

inhibition

47
Q

What decreases and what increases when limbic system dominates prefrontal cortical functions?

A

There is a decrease in reasons thinking and an increase in impulsive behavior

48
Q

Decision making in low emotional conditions is..?

A

rational (cold)

49
Q

Decision making in high emotional conditions is..?

A

irrational (hot)

50
Q

What is the conclusion of brain development during adolescence?

A

Changes in behavior during adolescence are paralleled by differential development of subcortical limbic regions relative to prefrontal control regions.

Individual differences in responses to which these developmental changes may put teens at risk for poor outcomes .

Development (5 decks)

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