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Development > Lecture "Cognitive Development" (Task 4) > Flashcards

Lecture "Cognitive Development" (Task 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the human mind compared to a computer?

A

Because both have limited capacity to process information and both process information by applying logical rules and strategies

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2
Q

Computers are better information processor by changing in..

hard/software

A

Hardware: e.g. RAM, external drive, microchips

Software: programming

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3
Q

Children are better thinkers by changes in ..

hard/software

A

hardware: brain / senses / muscles
software: rules / strategies

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4
Q

On which 2 ideas is the information processing theory based on?

A
  1. humans have limited capacities

2. humans can flexibly apply strategies

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5
Q

In which two broad areas does development of information processing increases?

A
  1. Capacity
    (memory span, attention span, processing speed)
  2. strategy use
    (number and efficiency, speed)
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6
Q

Into which 3 specific areas can information processing be divided?

A

memory
attention
problem solving

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7
Q

According to the (multi) store model of information processing what does the sensory register do?

A

The sensory register represents sights and sounds directly and stores them briefly

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8
Q

According to the (multi) store model of information processing, what are the functions of the central executive?

A
  1. coordinates incoming information with information in the system
  2. controls attention
  3. selects, applies, and monitors the effectiveness of strategies
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9
Q

According to the (multi) store model of information processing what does the working, or Short-term memory do?

A

Working or short-term memory holds limited amount of information that worked on to facilitate memory and problem solving

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10
Q

According to the (multi) store model of information processing what does long-term memory do?

A

Long-term memory stores information permanently

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11
Q

Name 3 memory structures

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short-term or working memory
  3. Long-term memory
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12
Q

Name 4 characteristics of sensory memory

A

it is unlimited
makes exact copies
is very brief
it decays

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13
Q

Name 4 characteristics of short-term or working memory

A

it is active information
has limited capacity
has few bits of information
it decays

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14
Q

Name 2 short-term memory tasks

A
  1. Which items were shown (2 Bilder die man vergleichen muss wie früher im Restaurant)
  2. What was the place of digit
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15
Q

Name 4 characteristics of Long-term memory

A

it is relatively long
has unlimited capacity
is not in all-or-none form
has developmental changes

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16
Q

Define recognition

Is it easier than recall?

A

you recognize stimulus which are identical or similar

its easier than recall

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17
Q

define recall
is it easier than recognition?
When does it appear?

A

Recall is mental representation
it is more difficult than recognition
recall appears during the first year

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18
Q

What did the video of movie recall of an 18-month old baby show?

A

A baby which was playing with a phone. It imitated a phone conversation.

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19
Q

The memory strategy of rehearsal develops at a age of

A

from about 4-5 years

20
Q

The memory strategy of organization develops at a age of ..

A

about 6-7 years

its about putting items into categories

21
Q

The memory strategy of elaboration develops at a age of..

A

about 11-12 years

22
Q

How does the video show the inability of 4 year old to categorize?

A

It shows a 4 year old boy who gets 4 cards presented where 3 of 4 belong to the same category. The boy is always able to explain what he is seeing on the card but he is not able to put the cards into categories and to exclude the different card.

23
Q

Why can children remember more with age? (biological reason)

A

Children are able to remember more with age because the hippocampus as well as the prefrontal cortex are developing

24
Q

define attention

A

Attention is the ability to focus on a particular stimulus without becoming distracted

25
Q

Name 2 types of attention

When do they develop?

A
  1. Sustained attention = stay focused on task; increases sharply around 2-3 years
  2. Selective attention = focus on relevant aspect of task
    improves strongly between age 6-12
26
Q

Name 2 types of inhibition

A
  1. Cognitive inhibition

2. response inhibition

27
Q

define Cognitive inhibition

A

Cognitive inhibition is the ability to control distracting stimuli
Internal: thoughts
External: distraction

28
Q

define Response inhibition

A

Response inhibition is the ability to withhold an action

control behavior in social situations

29
Q

Which experiment tests inhibition ?

A

The Marshmallow Experiment

30
Q

name 4 kinds of development of attentional strategies and when they develop

A
  1. Production deficiency (3-4 years)
  2. Control Efficiency (5-6 years)
  3. Utilization deficiency (7-8 years)
  4. Effective strategy use (9-10 years)
31
Q

define problem solving

A

While Problem solving you move from a current state to a goal state

32
Q

What does a mental process involves ?

name 3 things

A
  1. discovering
  2. analyzing
  3. resolving
33
Q

Name 4 components of problem solving

A
  1. Representation
  2. Planning
  3. Strategy Choice
  4. Transferring Skills
34
Q

Name 5 steps in planing

A
  1. Postponing action to weight alternatives
  2. organizing task materials
  3. remembering steps of plan
  4. monitoring how well plan works
  5. revising if necessary
35
Q

Who solved the problem better the chimpanzees or the children?

A

The first task, both solved very good

The second one, chimpanzees solved better than the children

36
Q

define executive function

A

Executive function is the ability to control and coordinate one’s own cognitive processes

37
Q

define metacognition

A

Metacognition is the awareness and knowledge of own cognitive processes

38
Q

Name 3 examples of metacognition

A
  1. Predicting how well you will doing on the exam on this course
  2. Knowing what information about this lecture is important
  3. Knowing which parts of the textbook are important
39
Q

Which impact does the development of prefrontal, temporal and parietal cortex have on problem solving?

A
  • increase content knowledge
  • develop more efficient strategies
  • Develop metacognitive knowledge
40
Q

Siegler developed a model of strategy choice which is called Overlapping Waves Theory
Explain the theory

A

Describes a process in which a child try a variety of strategies; it observes how well they work; and than gradually select those giving the best result

41
Q

Name an advantage of the Information Processing Theory of cognition

A

Is a break down of components

42
Q

Name 2 limitations of the Information Processing Theory of cognition

A

It is not a comprehensive theory

It does not consider other aspects

43
Q

Summarize the Information processing theory

What was the assumption?

A
  • Assumption: limited processing capacity
  • Development of rules and strategies
  • Older children: more and faster processing
  • Better focus on some aspects and ignoring others
  • Changes in cognitive capacity, processing efficiency, and attentional allocation
44
Q

Summarize Memory

A
  • Ability to store and retrieve information • Improvements in memory span
  • Improvements in memory strategies
  • Increases reflect brain maturation of hippocampus and frontal lobes
45
Q

Summarize Attention

A
  • Focus on particular stimulus without distraction
  • Improvement in sustained and selective attention
  • Improvement in attentional strategies
  • Improvement of inhibition
  • Brain maturation of prefrontal cortex
46
Q

Summarize Problem Solving

A
  • Increase in planning abilities
  • Improvement in effective strategy use
  • Improvement in analyzing
  • Increase in metacognitive awareness
  • Brain maturation of frontal, temporal & parietal cortex

Development (5 decks)

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