Task 2 - Through The Lens Of New Science

Question 1

Geocentric Universe

Answer 1

a model of the universe in which the Earth in at the center, surrounded by the fixed stars, which circle in harmony.

Question 2

heliocentric model

Answer 2

A model of the universe in which the sun is at the center.
Finally taken seriously because of Copernicus.

Question 3

Galileo Galilei

Answer 3

1564-1642
1609: first telescope
Promoted copernican view of the universe

Question 4

Scientific Revolution

Answer 4

17th century.
Involving Galilei, Descartes and Newton.
Enhanced the status of science.
Three essen†I’ll findings:
1. Earth is not the center of the universe.
2. Many things on earth can be understood as complex machines.
3. Laws of physics.

Question 5

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 5

Starting from a number of true premises, from which new, true conclusions can be drawn if the rules of logic are followed.
Favored by Plato, Aristotle, Descartes and the Catholic Church.

Question 6

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 6

Form of Reasoning in which one starts from observations and tries to reach a general conclusion on basis of convergence in observations.

Francis Bacon.

Question 7

Instrumentality

Answer 7

The practical efficacy of scientific theories.

Question 8

Francis Bacon

Answer 8

1561-1626
Scientific method.
Had a new view on science as Aristotle.
NOVUM ORGANUM: (book) described that neither reasoning nor perception alone provide progress; interaction between both is required.
Criticized some limitations in Aristotle’s Axioms:
•perception is also limited, limitation of the senses
• observations do not result in knowledge unless they are accompanied by reasoning
Proposed to make observations more systematic.
Actively opposed Aristotelian conception of natural philosophy and said that true natural philosophy should be concerned with active intervention in nature for the benefit of mankind.
• Inductive Reasoning
Proposed that:
They should go beyond experiments that solve practical problems (EXPERIMENTA FRUCTIFERA: FRUIT BEARING) and additionally use clarification experiments to determine true causes (EXPERIMENTA LUCIFERA: LIGHT-BRINGING)

Question 9

Roberto Boyle

Answer 9

1627-1691
A chemist. Stressed that scientific experiments should be public and reported in such detail that anyone can replicate them.

Question 10

Isaac Newton

Answer 10

1642-1727
Newton’s worldview describes a mechanical world in which lifeless matter bounces according to laws.

Question 11

Bacon: Natural History

Answer 11

The process of careful observations and the formulation of lower and middle axioms through inductive reasoning.

Question 12

Bacon: Experimental History

Answer 12

Extracting the truth from nature by active manipulation and examining the consequences of the intervention rather than by passive observation. Examining the truth of the axioms and attempting to get to higher axioms by means of clarifying experiments.

Question 13

Industrial Revolution

Answer 13

19th century