Task 1 - Once upon A Time … Flashcards
Animism
Pre-historic era.
The belief that objects and nature are inhabited by spirits with human-like characteristics.
Opposes Mechanistic view.
The first writing systems
China: 6000 BCE
Sumer & Egypt: 3200 BCE
America: 300 BCE
Pictogram
A picture resembling a person, animal or object it represents.
Phonogram
A sign that represents a sound or a syllable of spoken language.
Logograph
A sign representing a spoken word, which no longer has a physical resemblance to the words meaning.
Fertile Crescent
3000 BCE.
Region in the Middle East with high level of civilization.
Discovery of Glas.
The start of Philosophy
Ca. 600 BC
Critical reflection on the universe and human functioning; started in Ancient Greece.
Invention of Pottery
5000 BC.
Store, boil and melt materials.
Led to cooking, preparing and storing food: better nutrition, humans lived longer.
Plato
427-348 BC.
made distinction between REALM OF ETERNAL, NEVER CHANGING IDEAL FORMS and the REALM OF EVER-CHANGING MATERIAL REALITY in which the forms/ideas are imperfectly realized and which we perceive.
Rationalismm
Plato: two distinctions of the soul
Two distinctions:
1. TRIPARTITE SOUL: immortal and made of the leftovers of the
2. COSMOS SOUL (soul and body are distinct, soul travels between stars and human body it temporarily inhabitates. (Souls have knowledge of the perfect realm, which is how humans could get access to the true ideas - goodness, beauty, equality, change)
Plato: three parts of the soul
- Reason: situated in the brain, allows humans to get access to the realm of ideal forms
- Sensation and Emotion: mortal and situated in the heart, deals with anger, fear, pride …
(Neck separates the two to avoid polluting the divine soul) - Appetite and lower passions: localized in the liver, deals with appetite and lower passions (greed, lust, desire)
Aristotle
384-322 BC
Student of Plato
Seen as father of research on logic.
Aristotle: 3 Types of Knowledge
- Productive Knowledge: concerned with making things (e.g. farming)
- Practical Knowledge: how one is supposed to act in various situations (e.g. social norms)
- Theoretical Knowledge: goal is truth (further subdivided into math, natural sciences and theology)
Aristotle: “Psyche”
Force called Psyche animates all living things.
1. Vegetative Soul: present in all living things, enables organisms to nourish themselves and reproduce.
2. Animal Soul: present in animals and humans, provides them with locomotion, sensation, imagination & memory.
3. Rational Soul: only in humans, enables them to reason consciously and lead virtuous lives
Aristotle: Earth and Moon
Earth in the center, surrounded by moon, sun and planets.
Two regions distinguished:
1. Sub-lunar region: (from earth to moon) less orderly, everything is a mixture of the 4 elements, shows constant change: growth and decay, generation and corruption …
2. Super-lunar region: (from moon to end of universe) filled with AETHER (a divine and incorruptible element)