Task 1 - Once upon A Time … Flashcards

1
Q

Animism

A

Pre-historic era.
The belief that objects and nature are inhabited by spirits with human-like characteristics.

Opposes Mechanistic view.

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2
Q

The first writing systems

A

China: 6000 BCE
Sumer & Egypt: 3200 BCE
America: 300 BCE

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3
Q

Pictogram

A

A picture resembling a person, animal or object it represents.

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4
Q

Phonogram

A

A sign that represents a sound or a syllable of spoken language.

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5
Q

Logograph

A

A sign representing a spoken word, which no longer has a physical resemblance to the words meaning.

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6
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

3000 BCE.
Region in the Middle East with high level of civilization.
Discovery of Glas.

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7
Q

The start of Philosophy

A

Ca. 600 BC
Critical reflection on the universe and human functioning; started in Ancient Greece.

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8
Q

Invention of Pottery

A

5000 BC.
Store, boil and melt materials.
Led to cooking, preparing and storing food: better nutrition, humans lived longer.

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9
Q

Plato

A

427-348 BC.
made distinction between REALM OF ETERNAL, NEVER CHANGING IDEAL FORMS and the REALM OF EVER-CHANGING MATERIAL REALITY in which the forms/ideas are imperfectly realized and which we perceive.

Rationalismm

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10
Q

Plato: two distinctions of the soul

A

Two distinctions:
1. TRIPARTITE SOUL: immortal and made of the leftovers of the
2. COSMOS SOUL (soul and body are distinct, soul travels between stars and human body it temporarily inhabitates. (Souls have knowledge of the perfect realm, which is how humans could get access to the true ideas - goodness, beauty, equality, change)

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11
Q

Plato: three parts of the soul

A
  1. Reason: situated in the brain, allows humans to get access to the realm of ideal forms
  2. Sensation and Emotion: mortal and situated in the heart, deals with anger, fear, pride …
    (Neck separates the two to avoid polluting the divine soul)
  3. Appetite and lower passions: localized in the liver, deals with appetite and lower passions (greed, lust, desire)
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12
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322 BC
Student of Plato
Seen as father of research on logic.

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13
Q

Aristotle: 3 Types of Knowledge

A
  1. Productive Knowledge: concerned with making things (e.g. farming)
  2. Practical Knowledge: how one is supposed to act in various situations (e.g. social norms)
  3. Theoretical Knowledge: goal is truth (further subdivided into math, natural sciences and theology)
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14
Q

Aristotle: “Psyche”

A

Force called Psyche animates all living things.
1. Vegetative Soul: present in all living things, enables organisms to nourish themselves and reproduce.
2. Animal Soul: present in animals and humans, provides them with locomotion, sensation, imagination & memory.
3. Rational Soul: only in humans, enables them to reason consciously and lead virtuous lives

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15
Q

Aristotle: Earth and Moon

A

Earth in the center, surrounded by moon, sun and planets.
Two regions distinguished:
1. Sub-lunar region: (from earth to moon) less orderly, everything is a mixture of the 4 elements, shows constant change: growth and decay, generation and corruption …
2. Super-lunar region: (from moon to end of universe) filled with AETHER (a divine and incorruptible element)

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16
Q

Aristotle: Propositions

A

Elementary statements, consisting of two terms related to each other, either in an affirmative way (all A’s are B’s) or in a negative way (no A’s are B’s)
SYLLOGISM: an argument consisting of three propositions
1. Major premise (All men are mortal)
2. Minor premise (Aristotle is a man)
3. Conclusion (Aristotle is mortal)
Goal of logic is to determine which syllogisms lead to valid conclusions and which not.

17
Q

Renaissance

A

14-17th century, a cultural movement based on rediscovery and imitation of the classical Greek and Roman

18
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

1473-1543
Proposed the heliocentric model of the universe (sun as the center of the universe)

19
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

1516

20
Q

Hellinistic Culture

A

Interaction of the Greek and the cultures of the Fertile Crescent after Alexander the Great.

21
Q

The Roman Empire

A

200 BC - 100 CE
More interested in practical knowledge (unlike Greeks who preferred philosophy)

22
Q

Alexander the Great

A

356-323 BC

23
Q

The Matthew Effect

A

Tendency to give more credit to well-known scientists than they deserve

24
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Since facts are interpreted on basis of what happened afterwards, individual scholars got more prominence than they deserve because we tend to assume they knew more than they actually did.

25
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Authors then to attach excessive weight to the contribution of their own group and the group of their readers

26
Q

Newtonian Worldview

A

1600’s
Belief system that included that the earth revolves around the sun

27
Q

Aristotelian Worldview

A

The dominant system of beliefs from about 300 BC to 1600 AC. (Earth is located at the center of the universe)