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Methods & Techniques > Task 2. Research types & measures > Flashcards

Task 2. Research types & measures Flashcards

1
Q

Factors to consider when choosing your variables for your study

A
  • Research Tradition -> if topic follows a previous one, you can choose the same variables
  • Theory -> your P.O.V may influence your chosen variable
  • Availability of new Techniques -> use new methods to investigate unknown variables
  • Availability for Equipment
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2
Q

Reliability

A
  • ability of a measure to repeatedly produce similar results
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3
Q

Interrater reliability
(Pearson r)

A
  • statistical measure for establishing degree of agreements amongst observers (when - — measure consists of judgements or rating of multiple observers)
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4
Q

Test-retest reliability

A
  • repeat the same test twice, long break in-between and given to the same individuals, proves stable traits
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5
Q

Parallel-forms reliability

A
  • same as test-retest, except the forms are not exactly the same, but equivalent (prevent recall)
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6
Q

Split-half reliability

A
  • both parallel forms are put together in one test and done in the same sitting
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7
Q

Accuracy

A
  • produces results that agree with an established standard
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8
Q

Validity

A

DOES THE MEASURE MEASURE WHAT ITS SUPPOSED TO MEASURE!

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9
Q

Face validity

A
  • the extent to how well a measurement APPEARS to measure what its designed to measure
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10
Q

Content validity

A
  • how well does the measure cover the entire topic
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11
Q

Construct validity

A
  • measure that accurately measures an abstract construct (non-measurable variable)
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12
Q

Criterion validity & subtypes
(concurrent & predictive)

A
  • how well a test score measures an individuals value on some criterion
  • concurrent (own test & criterion measured at the same time)
  • predictive (own test predicting a later standard)
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13
Q

Adequacy of a dependent measure

A
  • sensitivity: some measures may be insensitive to manipulation, whereas others show an effect
  • range effects: occurs when a variable has an upper/lower limit (FLOOR & CEILING)
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14
Q

Behavioural measures
(dependent variable)

A
  • recording the behaviour of the subjects while exposing to different situations, etc., offers no insight into causality
  • frequency: # of occurrences over t
  • latency: amount of t it takes to respond
  • # of errors
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15
Q

Physiological measures
(dependent variable)

A
  • monitoring bodily functions (heart rate, brain waves, etc.)
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16
Q

Self-report measures

Advantages & Disadvantages?

A
  • variety of forms where participants self-report
  • Likert Scale, Rating scale (0-5/10), Q-sort methodology (qualitative measurement, establishing evaluating categories & sorting them)
    + -> a lot of info, combine w/ other measures
  • -> open-ended tedious to analyze, socially desirable answering, truthfulness, reliability of memory, no ecological validity
17
Q

Implicit measures (IAT)

A

Implicit Association Test - rapid testing, put of conscious control

18
Q

Demand characteristics
(performance cues, role attitude, preexisting attitude)

A
  • cues provided by the researchers about the purpose of the study and expected behaviour
  • performance cues: participant formulates a hypothesis on what the idea is about -> influence behaviour
  • role attitude cues: participant get cues on how theyre supposed to behave
  • preexisting attitudes: cooperative or apprehensive or negative
19
Q

Experimenter bias
( +expectancy effects
+reducing the bias )

A
  • experimenter can unintentionally influence participant (e.g. gestures, mimic, clothes, etc.)
  • expectancy effects: researchers preconcieved ideas about how participants should behave are subtly communicated to subject, and in turn affect the participants behaviour
  • SOLUTION: single- or double-blind, automatizing the experiment
20
Q

Manipulation check (of a dependent variable)

A
  • tests whether or not independent variable had the intended effect on the participant or not
21
Q

Behavioural categories
(observational research)

A

general and specific categories of behaviour you are interested in observing

22
Q

Methods for quantifying behaviour
(observational research)

A
  • frequency: # of times a behaviour occurs within a period
  • duration: how long a behaviour lasts
  • intervals: dividing observation into time intervals
23
Q

Methods of coding behaviour
(observational research)

A
  • paper-and-pencil
  • audio recorder
24
Q

Observer bias

->solution?

A
  • occurs when observers know the goal of the study or the hypotheses you are testing & their observations are influenced by this info
  • SOLUTION: blind observers
25
Q

Quantitative data

A
  • counting/quantifying data of behaviour (rating scales)
    + -> wide range of statistical tests available
26
Q

Qualitative data

A
  • written records of observed data that are analyzed statistically
  • -> large amounts of data, needs specialized computers to analyze the data
27
Q

Quantitative vs qualitative?

A

both.

28
Q

Naturalistic observation
(definition, advantages & disadvantages)

A
  • observing subjects in their natural habitat; nonexperimental
    + -> good insight into behaviour, extremely high external validity
  • -> time consuming & expensive, no insight into underlying causes
29
Q

Unobtrusive observation
(observational research, nonexperimental)

A

observations that dont alter the natural behaviours of the subject (e.g. you hiding from view)

30
Q

Etnography
(observational research, nonexperimental)
- participant/nonparticipant; overt or covert

A
  • researcher becomes immersed in the behavioural/social system of the studied group
  • used to study cultures, “undercover agent”
  • overt (participants know)
  • covert (unobtrusive)
31
Q

Sociometry & Sociogram
(observational research, nonexperimental)

A
  • identifying & measuring interpersonal relationships in a group
  • sociogram: graphic representation of the results (measured interpersonal relationships)
32
Q

Case history
(observational, nonexperimental)

A
  • descriptive technique of studying (observing) one or more previous cases and reporting on them
33
Q

Archival research
(observational, nonexperimental)

A
  • studying existing records with a specific question in mind
34
Q

Kinds of questionnaire items

A
  • open-ended: respond in own words, highly accurate
  • restricted: both positive &negative, short, mutually exclusive
  • partially open-ended: similar to restricted + added “other: “ category
  • rating scales
35
Q

6 ways of administering questionnaires

A
  • mail survey
  • internet survey
  • telephone survey
  • group administered survey
  • face-to-face interview
  • mixed-mode

Methods & Techniques (4 decks)

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