task 2 Flashcards
Explain classical conditioning (Pavlov)
He explains an example with the dog. When you give a dog food he will give an unconditioned response, which is drooling because he gets hungry. When you add a neutral stimulus, for example ringing a bell, every time you give the dog food. The neutral stimulus will become a conditioned stimulus. The dog will associate de bell with getting food. This is when the conditioned response will appear.
What is operant or instrumental conditioning?
Operant or instrumental conditioning works with reinforcement and/or punishment. Positive reinforcement is adding (food for example) that will increase the behaviour. Negative reinforcement is taking away something negative, which also will lead to more of the behaviour. And punishment is to decrease the behaviour. You also have positive and negative punishment.
Why does conditioned response extincts and not unlearn?
Extinction: you will never fully forget it. When it extinct the conditioned response can go back to again add the bell for example.
Why can you overdose with your normal amount of drugs in another place than your prefered place?
When a conditioned place preference arises, the user has to take a bigger dose each time to achieve the same effect as the user who does not have the opportunity for secondary conditioning with environmental stimuli since he or she constantly changes the place where the drug is taken. When the drug is taken in a strange environment the conditioned tolerance does not operate since the organism is not “expecting” the drug. The end result is that the otherwise accustomed dose leads to an overdose and thereby to death.
How many overdoses happen in the not preferred place?
7 out of 10 of the overdoses happen in the not preferred place.
3 options with conditioned place preference:
- someone else injected the drugs and you don’t know
- you know you are doing it yourself but different place
-or a placebo
Explain the normal drug use of KJ with the classical conditioning theory.
Unconditioned stimulus: drugs. Unconditioned response: the high, the pleasure.
Conditioned stimulus: home environment. Conditioned response: already having body functions, his body is preparing for the doses. When you do it in a different place, your body will be surprised by the drug use, which lead to an overdoses.
Explain KJ’s situation according to the opponent process model
Opponent process model: Hierbij zijn de geconditioneerde responsen ook tegenovergesteld aan het effect van de drug. Drugsinname vindt plaats om aan deze aversieve staat te ontsnappen. De CR’s hebben de functie om de homeostatische responsen op te wekken en de effecten van de US (drugs) te compenseren. Dit leidt tot een geconditioneerde tolerantie. Als iemand dat drugs gebruikt in een context waaraan hij/zij niet gewend is, dan zal het lichaam zich niet voorbereiden op het drugsgebruik, waardoor het veel sneller zal leiden tot een overdosis. Ook al is iemand gewend aan een bepaalde dosering v.d. drug.
what are 3 important models?
3 models:
1) Phenomenological models; they have been influential in classification systems of addictive disorders and in the development of pharmacological therapies.
2) Conditioning models; they have been influential in the development of cue exposure treatments
3) Cognitive theories; they have been influential in the development of cognitive therapies of addiction. It is concluded that not one specific theory can explain everything of the phenomenon of the craving.
What measures cue reactivity?
Cue reactivity measures the effect of both discrete (glass of wine) and contextual (e.g. the pub) cues on a range of measures. The effects have been found on measures of self-report (desire and craving), automatic cognitive responses (approach tendencies, attentional bias), self-administration (speed of consumption), motivation (operant responding), physiological (e.g. heart rate, skin) and pharmacological (e.g. dopamine) responses and increased activation in discrete regions of the brain.
the 3 most important conditioning theories:
1) Conditioned withdrawal model (Wikler 1948)
2) Conditioned opponent process model (Siegel, 1989)
3) Incentive sensitization theory (Robinson & Berridge, 2001) (important)
Is dopamine related to pleassure or wanting something?
‘wanting’
Cue exposure with response prevention (CERP)
refers to the treatment in which a drug addict is repeatedly exposed to stimuli associated with their addictive behaviour. These drug related stimuli are termed cues and the reactivity these drug cues elicit is generally considered to be a conditioned drug response. The conditioned drug responses can be subjective (e.g. craving), psychophysiological (e.g. changes in heart rate), or behavioural (e.g. drug-seeking behaviour) and these responses are considered to motivate and/or increase the likelihood of drug self-administration. Cues conditioned drug stimuli This treatment leads to the gradual extinction of the conditioned drug responses. When these responses are extinguished, the primary motivation for continued drug use is eliminated, and thus, the probability of relapse of addictive behaviour should be small.
Medication: antidepressant for example.
Problem with going into rehab and then coming back to the real world?
When you go into rehab, you have no cues. When you go back into your real life, you again get tackled with all those cues, which probably will lead to drug use again. In rehab you focus namely on getting the toxic out of your body, but not controlling the cues. They should integrate exposure therapy. So you will extinguish. (It is expected that this will lower the change of relapse)
Medication example:
Antidepressant
