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Complex Cognition > TASK 1 - COGNITION & CULTURE > Flashcards

TASK 1 - COGNITION & CULTURE Flashcards

1
Q

what is culture?

A

= defined by characteristics + knowledge of a particular group of people including language, customs, habits, modes of dress, beliefs + philosophies

  • cultural cohesion: feel connected to in-group
  • shapes how people attend to their environment, perceive, memorise + make decisions
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2
Q

external factors of culture

A

= visible; tip of the iceberg

  • distinct language
  • habits, traditions, symbols, customs
  • bound to one region/area
  • models of beliefs/philosophy
  • politics
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3
Q

internal factos of culture

A

= invisible; underlying mechanisms of culture

  • biological differences (ontogenetic = changes due environment)
  • wisdom, world views
  • attitudes and values, assumptions
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4
Q

reasons for cultural differences

A
  • due to social structure
    W: more loose social structure vs. E: tight social structure (hierarchy)
  • caused by economic factors
    W: middle class vs. E: working class
  • educational system
  • language
    = social & ancient economic structure –> social practice (W: hunter+gatherer vs. E: agriculture) –> attention & perception –> cognition
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5
Q

origins of differences

A
  1. ancient greek: analytic thought; sense of control due to rule-thinking; stability in world
    - fewer, less complex social relations; independent
  2. ancient chinese: holistic thought; lack of rules, world is constantly changing (yin/yang)
    - complex role relations; interdependent
  • social orientation hypothesis
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6
Q

analytic thinking vs. holistic thinking

A

analytic thinking = WESTERN; focus on objects and attributes
- objects = exist independently from contexts; sum of component parts

holistic thinking = EASTERN; context as a whole and relations among objects/surroundings
- objects = how they relate to the rest of the context

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7
Q

social interdependence/social orientation hypothesis

A

= social orientation (independence vs interdependence) can account for cultural differences in cognitive styles with the former promoting holistic thinking and the latter promoting analytic thinking

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8
Q

independent vs. interdependent/collectivistic self-concepts

A

independent = WESTERN; socialised to be independent, analytic thinking, viewing oneself as disconnected from others
- logic: one certain decision

interdependent = EASTERN; socialised in relational contexts, holistic thinking, viewing oneself as embedded in relations with others
- dialect: middle way decision (compromise)

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9
Q

dispositional vs. situational attributions

A

dispositional = WESTERN, considering inner characteristics, behaviour in terms of their underlying dispositions/feelings/ thoughts

situational = EASTERN; considering situational influences and individual’s relations with context, behaviour in terms of contextual variables

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10
Q

language/communication

A

WESTERN: explicit message, low context societies
EASTERN: implicit message, high context societies

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11
Q

rule-based vs. associative reasoning

A

rule-based = WESTERN; view world as operating according to a set of universal abstract rules and laws

associative reasoning = EASTERN; considering view world as relationships among objects or events; evidence for clustering together (similarity, temporal contiguity of events)

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12
Q

stability vs. change (world view)

A

stable world: WEST; attending to a focal object + assigning it to an abstract, static category
- future orientation

changing world: EAST; attending to a greater number of objects and relationships
- past orientation

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13
Q

environmental affordances

A

= environmental factors contribute to people’s habitual patterns
- environment influence perception –> perceptual preferences influence people –> produce environments
WEST: salient, distinctive objects

EAST: more complex and numerous objects

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14
Q

cultural-related perceptual differences

A
  • activities + experience with environment shapes our perception –> creates perceptual culture-related differences –> expectations make particular interpretations likely to occur –> increase speed and efficiency of perceptual process
  • children already learn perceptual preferences
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15
Q

cultural-related creative differences

A

WEST: NOVELTY; breakthrough innovations
- individualism: facilitates, greater motivation for uniqueness

EAST: USEFULNESS; incremental innovations
- collectivism: concern about other’s opinion, practical solution with aim of group

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16
Q

neurological manifestations

A
  • different neural networks underlie cultural differences in social cognitive & affective processes
    Culture shapes functional anatomy of self presentation. Cultural differences are mediated by distinct neuronal networks.

WEST: higher activity in right lingual gyrus, right inferior parietal cortex & precuneus
- higher activity in areas of self-reflection, own emotional responses & empathy for other’s emotional states

EAST: higher activity in left inferior parietal cortex, left middle occipital & left superior parietal cortex

  • higher activity in areas involved in inference of other minds, social perception & self-control/emotional regulation
  • -> Interdependent cultures: less distinct, neuronal representations for themselves and other people (close relatives)
17
Q

norm sensitivity hypothesis

A

= people acquire culture through reinforcement-mediated social learning processes (dopaminergic neural pathways)

  • people are genetically variable in sensitivity to culture/social norms
  • -> mutual influence between culture and genes
  • acquisition of norms of culture (independence/interdependence) is influenced by reinforcement-mediated social learning
18
Q

WEIRD countries

A 
Western
Educated
Industrialised
Rich
Democratic
19
Q

WEIRD bias

A

= 95% of research literature is based on WEIRD countries

  • not universal results: most psychologically unusual –> only 12% of population (there is more variation)
  • culture blindness: assumption that observed findings in one’s own culture are presumed to be universal
20
Q

solutions for WEIRD bias

A
  • awareness

- support cross-cultural research, more diverse samples

21
Q

hermeneutic definition of culture (PRESENTATION)

A

= shared meanings and practices of a social group –> give shape to personal identities
- self and culture are strongly linked and inseparable (through all layers of onion)

22
Q

aspects of hermeneutic culture (PRESENTATION)

A
  1. folk psychology: any understanding of behaviour, emotion, cognition, or complex social
    - concerning what a person is and what is expected to do
  2. moral visions: inform people about what is worthy, good, and desirable
    - provide guidance about how a person ought to behave
    - vary widely across cultural groups

Complex Cognition (9 decks)

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