Task 1: attachment

Question 1

bonding

Answer 1

mother’s feelings for her fetus and infant, begins before child is born, influenced by prenatal experience and social rituals (baby showers, naming, medical examinations)

Question 2

attachment

Answer 2

developmental process of the baby’s relationship with its mother

Question 3

maternal bonding types

Answer 3

?

Question 4

2 distinct behavioral systems in SS

Answer 4

1) Attachment system: child close to mother, safety, survival
2) Exploratory system: promotes learning
 Attachment-exploration balance: child uses caregiver as a secure base from which to explore
-Mostly balanced in children
-Example: if attachment system is activated (separation from attachment figure, illness, unfamiliar people..), then infant exploration declines

Question 5

securely attached - findings SS

Answer 5

-mother as secure base from which to explore
separation:
-reduction in exploration and distress in her absence
B 1&2: less distressed by separation
B3&4: more distressed,

return:
-greet her positively on return & returns to exploration
B 1 & 2: greet mother by vocalizing, smiling, waving
B3&4: immediately seek physical contact and emotional comfort

Question 6

maternal sensitivity in secure attachment

Answer 6

• high maternal sensitivity
• mothers ability to read infants behavioral and emotional cues and responding in a timely and appropriate manner that serves infants’ needs

Question 7

insecure avoidant attached - SS

Answer 7

• explore with little reference to the mother
• minimally distressed by her departure
• ignore/avoid her on return

Question 8

maternal sensitivity in insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 8

-maternal rejection, especially when it comes to baby’s desire for physical contact

Question 9

insecure resistant - SS

Answer 9

• fail to move away from mother and explore minimally
• highly distressed by separations
• difficult to settle on reunion

Question 10

maternal sensitivity in insecure resistant attachment

Answer 10

-inconsistent caregiving

Question 11

index of reciprocal mother-infant interaction: securely attached

Answer 11

-mothers scored intermediate on the index

Question 12

index of reciprocal mother-infant interaction: insecure avoidant attached

Answer 12

intrusive, overstimulating maternal care (which could force the child to turn away from mother)
-high on index

Question 13

index of reciprocal mother-infant interaction: insecure resistant attached

Answer 13

• insufficiently responsive, unstimulating care

- low on index

Question 14

role of temperament in attachment

Answer 14

shapes how security or insecurity is manifested (= amount of distress), but it does not directly determine whether or not a child was classified as secure

Question 15

emotion regulation perspective on attachment

Answer 15

• security of attachment influences the child’s ability to regulate , or to co-regulate with the expected assistance of his mother, his emotions
• Secure attachment: related to the ability to manage negative affect and share positive affect
• Insecure: suppression of negativity, losing control, failing to share positive feelings
• Changes in positive emotionality predicted later attachment style (more than changes in negative emotionality)

Question 16

mothers personality in secure vs insecure attachment

Answer 16

secure:
high on interpersonal affection
insecure:
low ego-strength

Question 17

infant’s temperament in secure vs insecure attachment

Answer 17

secure:
more predictable and adaptable over time
insecure:
less predictable, more difficult

Question 18

quality of marriage in secure vs insecure attachment

Answer 18

secure:
happy marriage
insecure:
deterioration over time

Question 19

social support (friendliness & helpfulness of neighbors) in secure vs insecure attachment

Answer 19

secure:
more friendly and helpful environment
insecure:
less supporting social environment

Question 20

nonmaternal care - SS

Answer 20

• Infants experiencing more than 20h/week of nonmaternal care during 1st year -> more likely insecure attachment
• Magnitude of associations varied from study to study (24%, 65%, 83% higher rates of insecure attachment)

Question 21

effects of childcare on attachment

Answer 21

-rates of insecurity were higher in case of: poorer quality care from mothers AND a) low quality nonmaternal care ORE b) 10h+/week nonmaternal care ORE c) 1+ nonmaternal care arrangement in their first 15m of life

Question 22

Are Consequences of attachment security dependent upon later mothering?

Answer 22

yes

developmental benefits of early security dependent on continued experience of receiving emotionally supportive care

Question 23

Do the consequences of attachment security vary by contextual risk?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

direct effects of friendship quality

Answer 24

fostering their self-esteem, improving their social adjustment, increasing ability to cope with stressors
-greater involvement in school

Question 25

shyness and friendship

Answer 25

if you have friends that are above average shy -> you become more shy and withdrawn yourself

• > only happens if your friendship quality is medium
• > if you have high quality friendship -> does not happen
• > this what not the case for delinquasy