Tanzania Flashcards
Which country initially occupied Tanzania and what was it called
Germany called it German East Africa
Which country was a British protectorate
Zanzibar
What happened with Tanzania during WW1
Britain acquired Tanzania and renamed it Tanganyika
What does TANU stand fro
Tanganyika African National Union
How did Tanganyika and Zanzibar gain independence
Nationalists in TANU fought for freedom from colonial rule. Zanzibar gained independence a few years after Tanganyika. They united and formed the Republic of Tanzania
Who was Tanzania’s first president
Julies Nyerere
What was TANU’s policy from the beginning
To forge an African way of life based on socialism to bring about unity among different ethnic groups
What type of society did Nyerere want to create
An egalitarian society where everyone participated productively in national life and benefited equally from the state
What did Nyerere speak out against
Development of an African elite who didn’t understand or care about the well-being of the citizens
Why was Nyerere’s vision for Tanzania see as idealistic
- He wanted it not to be divided by tribe, race or class but united by a common national identity
- People had to identify as Tanzanian eve though there were 130 different tribes
What was Nyerere concerned about
- Promoting, securing and retaining national control over the economy
- Creating political institutions that would create a sense of common purpose that served to unite people under TANU
- Building a fair society, free of income inequalities where all could share the benefits of development
What was Nyerere’s ultimate wish for Tanzania
To make a self-sufficient country and he was totally against foreign assistance
Who was Julies Nyerere
His father was the chief of the Zanzibar tribe. He completed Scotland became a teacher. He went to Europe on a scholarship. He formed the first political party, TANU. He became prime minister and then president. He crated a new party, CCM, by merging TANU with the Zanzibari party. He became very critical of single-party systems. He admitted that his policy of socialism was a failure and resigned from office. His foreign policy was successful and he supported many freedom struggles in other African countries and was critical of the Mobutu regime. He was a significant force behind the Pan-Africanist movements and was one of the founders of OAU
What does OAU stand for
Organization of African Unity
What did Nyerere’s policy of African socialism result in
The drawing up of the Arusha Declaration
What was in the Arusha declaration
- A new leadership code: top government officials were not allowed to make money by renting houses, running businesses or being directors of private companies.
- It called for self-reliance and an end to foreign aid (Tanzanians should rely on own hard work especially farming)
- It said that socialism and democracy work together and that democracy gave people more power over their own lives.
- all private banks and other businesses were nationalized the
- Workers Councils were started in the government owned firms
- More money was spent on primary schools than secondary school .˙. Small educated upper class
- A policy of Ujamaa Vijijini was announced (socialism in villages)
- expletive were encouraged to move to Ujamaa villages to share land, work and crops
What does Ujamaa mean
It is the Swahili word for family hood
What is Ujamaa
A social and economic policy
What is Ujamaa founded on
Freedom
Equality
Unity
Why is Ujamaa found on equality
It is the only way people will work cooperatively
Why is Ujamaa founded on freedom
An individual is not served by society unless it is his
Why is Ujamaa based on unity
It is the only way the members of society can live and work in peace, security and wellbeing
What did Nyerere say about Ujamaa villages
- They are socialist organization
- No one can be forced into one
- No official can tell members what to do
What did Ujamaa centre on
Collective agriculture under the process of villagisation
What factors had to be present in the advance preparation for the setting up of the villages
- Good local leadership
- Adequate land with good potential for development and expansion
- Sufficient water for human and animal use
- Knowledge of agriculture or other technical practices
- Markets for the disposal of surplus production
- Planned programme for reinvestment of surplus produce
What did Nyerere anticipate the benefits of Ujamaa would be
- Tanzania would become self reliant, prosperous and classless
- Improved agricultural production
- Developed rural areas
- Self-governing villages
- Rural population would provide equipment and facilities
- Good level of education would be provided
- Access to medical facilities
- End to tribalisation
- Corruption eradicated
How was Ujamaa implemented
- Tanzanians didn’t want to move to the villages as they didn’t want to leave their homes
- Nyerere used force to ensure people moved to villages
- Eventually it was made compulsory for all rural villagers to move to the Ujamaa villages
- Scheme was finally abandoned
What were the positive aspects of Ujamaa
- Increased literacy levels
- Textile mills were created
- Triple the number of rural health centres
What were the negative aspects of Ujamaa
- Agricultural production fell
- Food came scarce
- Peasant farmers returned to subsistence farming
- Many companies that were nationalised went bankrupt
- Exports dropped
Why did Ujamaa fail
- The implementation process was flawed because the people in charge didn’t understand what they were doing and there was no appeal to the people
- People resented that they were being forced to leave their decent houses and moved to villages where they had to fend for themselves
- Some villages were set up far away from water
- Some villages were not provided with the promised educational and health care systems
- Farmers had to sell crops to parastatals at a low price who resold them for a profit
Why did peasants remain poor
- They sold their crops to parastatals at low prices, who sold them for higher prices to multinationals who made the biggest profit
- Peasants had no say about the price of their crops (multinationals and government officials decided)
What is Nyerere praised for
- Leader of integrity
- African nationalist
- Highest literacy rate
- Advances in healthcare
- Dedicated Pan-Africanist
- Not characterised by corruption (modest house and salary)
What were Nyerere’s main criticisms
- Experiments in agricultural socialism were unsuccessful
- Ineffective state marketing boards created a dependence of foreign aid
- Became slightly tyrannical because of his top-down approach
- Accused of having little faith in his people
What political restraints did Nyerere face
- Artificial borders were created by colonial powers and he now had to unite different tribes and ethnicities within one nation
- Nyerere banned tribalism and realised that ethnic politics had the potential to destabilise the country
What type of government did Tanzania have
Single-party state. A Republic with an executive president
Why did the army mutiny
- Low wage
- Lack of promotions
- British officers were still too involved
- Nyerere was moving too slowly with African socialism
What happened when the army mutinied
Nyerere did not approve of the fact that the army organised a protest. It led to the army being disbanded,new recruits were found and the. Litany came be integrated into Tanzanian society
Why did Tanzania’s economy begin to fall
- The ambitious development policies
- Dependence of foreign aid
- Socialist strategies (which the World Bank and the IMF urged Tanzania to abandon)
- Tanzania’s inability to import basic commodities
Hope did the IMF try to help Tanzania
By urging Nyerere to adopt free-market economic policies
What was Tanzania forced to do as a result of the failure fo Ujamaa
To give up many of its socialist-orientated policies
What are seen benefits of independence
- National identity and unity was created
- TANU’s policy of adhering to principles of human dignity, equality and freedom of the individual and equality of opportunity
- Education used as nation building tool
- Priority given to provision of basic services such as health
- Produced great leaders
- Boosted tourism which brings the much needed foreign currency to boost the economy
What happened in education in Tanzania after independence
- Nyerere believed that education had to work for the common good of the people, it should promote equality, dealing to cooperation and address the realities of life
- It was loosely modelled on the educational system of Great Britain
- Primary school was free
What changed did Nyerere propose be made to education
- Should be oriented in rural life
- Teacher and students should work together to plan productive activities
- School should provide meaningful experiences through the integration of theory and practice
- Exams should not be emphasised
- Children start at the age of 7
- Student should become critical, independent thinkers
Africanisation
- Tanzania chose not to adopt the language of its colonial ruler
- Swahili made the new national language
- Encouraged people to speak it so that people from all over Tanzania could communicate with each other and encourage then to see themselves as one people
- Nyerere translate Shakespeare into Swahili and encouraged new literature
- Name of the army was changed
- Civil service was Africanised
- Dancing keeps the traditional values and culture present among the people
Summary of Tanzania’s transformation after independence
- Socialism not successful in improving economy and Tanzania remains poor
- Did not endure uncertainty, chaos and civil war
