Tanzania Flashcards

1
Q

Which country initially occupied Tanzania and what was it called

A

Germany called it German East Africa

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2
Q

Which country was a British protectorate

A

Zanzibar

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3
Q

What happened with Tanzania during WW1

A

Britain acquired Tanzania and renamed it Tanganyika

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4
Q

What does TANU stand fro

A

Tanganyika African National Union

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5
Q

How did Tanganyika and Zanzibar gain independence

A

Nationalists in TANU fought for freedom from colonial rule. Zanzibar gained independence a few years after Tanganyika. They united and formed the Republic of Tanzania

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6
Q

Who was Tanzania’s first president

A

Julies Nyerere

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7
Q

What was TANU’s policy from the beginning

A

To forge an African way of life based on socialism to bring about unity among different ethnic groups

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8
Q

What type of society did Nyerere want to create

A

An egalitarian society where everyone participated productively in national life and benefited equally from the state

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9
Q

What did Nyerere speak out against

A

Development of an African elite who didn’t understand or care about the well-being of the citizens

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10
Q

Why was Nyerere’s vision for Tanzania see as idealistic

A
  • He wanted it not to be divided by tribe, race or class but united by a common national identity
  • People had to identify as Tanzanian eve though there were 130 different tribes
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11
Q

What was Nyerere concerned about

A
  • Promoting, securing and retaining national control over the economy
  • Creating political institutions that would create a sense of common purpose that served to unite people under TANU
  • Building a fair society, free of income inequalities where all could share the benefits of development
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12
Q

What was Nyerere’s ultimate wish for Tanzania

A

To make a self-sufficient country and he was totally against foreign assistance

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13
Q

Who was Julies Nyerere

A

His father was the chief of the Zanzibar tribe. He completed Scotland became a teacher. He went to Europe on a scholarship. He formed the first political party, TANU. He became prime minister and then president. He crated a new party, CCM, by merging TANU with the Zanzibari party. He became very critical of single-party systems. He admitted that his policy of socialism was a failure and resigned from office. His foreign policy was successful and he supported many freedom struggles in other African countries and was critical of the Mobutu regime. He was a significant force behind the Pan-Africanist movements and was one of the founders of OAU

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14
Q

What does OAU stand for

A

Organization of African Unity

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15
Q

What did Nyerere’s policy of African socialism result in

A

The drawing up of the Arusha Declaration

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16
Q

What was in the Arusha declaration

A
  • A new leadership code: top government officials were not allowed to make money by renting houses, running businesses or being directors of private companies.
  • It called for self-reliance and an end to foreign aid (Tanzanians should rely on own hard work especially farming)
  • It said that socialism and democracy work together and that democracy gave people more power over their own lives.
  • all private banks and other businesses were nationalized the
  • Workers Councils were started in the government owned firms
  • More money was spent on primary schools than secondary school .˙. Small educated upper class
  • A policy of Ujamaa Vijijini was announced (socialism in villages)
  • expletive were encouraged to move to Ujamaa villages to share land, work and crops
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17
Q

What does Ujamaa mean

A

It is the Swahili word for family hood

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18
Q

What is Ujamaa

A

A social and economic policy

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19
Q

What is Ujamaa founded on

A

Freedom
Equality
Unity

20
Q

Why is Ujamaa found on equality

A

It is the only way people will work cooperatively

21
Q

Why is Ujamaa founded on freedom

A

An individual is not served by society unless it is his

22
Q

Why is Ujamaa based on unity

A

It is the only way the members of society can live and work in peace, security and wellbeing

23
Q

What did Nyerere say about Ujamaa villages

A
  • They are socialist organization
  • No one can be forced into one
  • No official can tell members what to do
24
Q

What did Ujamaa centre on

A

Collective agriculture under the process of villagisation

25
Q

What factors had to be present in the advance preparation for the setting up of the villages

A
  • Good local leadership
  • Adequate land with good potential for development and expansion
  • Sufficient water for human and animal use
  • Knowledge of agriculture or other technical practices
  • Markets for the disposal of surplus production
  • Planned programme for reinvestment of surplus produce
26
Q

What did Nyerere anticipate the benefits of Ujamaa would be

A
  • Tanzania would become self reliant, prosperous and classless
  • Improved agricultural production
  • Developed rural areas
  • Self-governing villages
  • Rural population would provide equipment and facilities
  • Good level of education would be provided
  • Access to medical facilities
  • End to tribalisation
  • Corruption eradicated
27
Q

How was Ujamaa implemented

A
  • Tanzanians didn’t want to move to the villages as they didn’t want to leave their homes
  • Nyerere used force to ensure people moved to villages
  • Eventually it was made compulsory for all rural villagers to move to the Ujamaa villages
  • Scheme was finally abandoned
28
Q

What were the positive aspects of Ujamaa

A
  • Increased literacy levels
  • Textile mills were created
  • Triple the number of rural health centres
29
Q

What were the negative aspects of Ujamaa

A
  • Agricultural production fell
  • Food came scarce
  • Peasant farmers returned to subsistence farming
  • Many companies that were nationalised went bankrupt
  • Exports dropped
30
Q

Why did Ujamaa fail

A
  • The implementation process was flawed because the people in charge didn’t understand what they were doing and there was no appeal to the people
  • People resented that they were being forced to leave their decent houses and moved to villages where they had to fend for themselves
  • Some villages were set up far away from water
  • Some villages were not provided with the promised educational and health care systems
  • Farmers had to sell crops to parastatals at a low price who resold them for a profit
31
Q

Why did peasants remain poor

A
  • They sold their crops to parastatals at low prices, who sold them for higher prices to multinationals who made the biggest profit
  • Peasants had no say about the price of their crops (multinationals and government officials decided)
32
Q

What is Nyerere praised for

A
  • Leader of integrity
  • African nationalist
  • Highest literacy rate
  • Advances in healthcare
  • Dedicated Pan-Africanist
  • Not characterised by corruption (modest house and salary)
33
Q

What were Nyerere’s main criticisms

A
  • Experiments in agricultural socialism were unsuccessful
  • Ineffective state marketing boards created a dependence of foreign aid
  • Became slightly tyrannical because of his top-down approach
  • Accused of having little faith in his people
34
Q

What political restraints did Nyerere face

A
  • Artificial borders were created by colonial powers and he now had to unite different tribes and ethnicities within one nation
  • Nyerere banned tribalism and realised that ethnic politics had the potential to destabilise the country
35
Q

What type of government did Tanzania have

A

Single-party state. A Republic with an executive president

36
Q

Why did the army mutiny

A
  • Low wage
  • Lack of promotions
  • British officers were still too involved
  • Nyerere was moving too slowly with African socialism
37
Q

What happened when the army mutinied

A

Nyerere did not approve of the fact that the army organised a protest. It led to the army being disbanded,new recruits were found and the. Litany came be integrated into Tanzanian society

38
Q

Why did Tanzania’s economy begin to fall

A
  • The ambitious development policies
  • Dependence of foreign aid
  • Socialist strategies (which the World Bank and the IMF urged Tanzania to abandon)
  • Tanzania’s inability to import basic commodities
39
Q

Hope did the IMF try to help Tanzania

A

By urging Nyerere to adopt free-market economic policies

40
Q

What was Tanzania forced to do as a result of the failure fo Ujamaa

A

To give up many of its socialist-orientated policies

41
Q

What are seen benefits of independence

A
  • National identity and unity was created
  • TANU’s policy of adhering to principles of human dignity, equality and freedom of the individual and equality of opportunity
  • Education used as nation building tool
  • Priority given to provision of basic services such as health
  • Produced great leaders
  • Boosted tourism which brings the much needed foreign currency to boost the economy
42
Q

What happened in education in Tanzania after independence

A
  • Nyerere believed that education had to work for the common good of the people, it should promote equality, dealing to cooperation and address the realities of life
  • It was loosely modelled on the educational system of Great Britain
  • Primary school was free
43
Q

What changed did Nyerere propose be made to education

A
  • Should be oriented in rural life
  • Teacher and students should work together to plan productive activities
  • School should provide meaningful experiences through the integration of theory and practice
  • Exams should not be emphasised
  • Children start at the age of 7
  • Student should become critical, independent thinkers
44
Q

Africanisation

A
  • Tanzania chose not to adopt the language of its colonial ruler
  • Swahili made the new national language
  • Encouraged people to speak it so that people from all over Tanzania could communicate with each other and encourage then to see themselves as one people
  • Nyerere translate Shakespeare into Swahili and encouraged new literature
  • Name of the army was changed
  • Civil service was Africanised
  • Dancing keeps the traditional values and culture present among the people
45
Q

Summary of Tanzania’s transformation after independence

A
  • Socialism not successful in improving economy and Tanzania remains poor
  • Did not endure uncertainty, chaos and civil war