Tannock and Hill Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

Cancer cells experience a metabolic shift from oxidative respiration to an energy-efficient aerobic glycolytic profile.

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2
Q

Activating mutations of the BRAF gene lead to constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. The most common alteration in BRAF are point substitutions at:

A

Valine 600 (V600). In dogs with iUC it is usually V595E

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3
Q

Which JAK/STAT inhibitor is used in veterinary medicine?

A

Oclacitinib

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4
Q

What is Knudson’s 2 hit hypothesis?

A

That most tumor suppressor genes require both alleles to be inactivated (recessively acting cancer gene), either through mutations or through epigenetic silencing, to cause a phenotypic change (cancer development).

This was proven with the Rb1 locus (retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene). Homozygous loss of the wild-type Rb1 locus correlated with retinoblastoma development.

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5
Q

Which virus is associated with the development of Burkitt lymphoma?

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

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6
Q

What is the Hayflick limit?

A

The eventual loss of replicative potential (cellular senescence). The time to the cessation of cell division correlates closely with critically eroded telomeres (called telomere signal-free ends).

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7
Q

What is the name of the complex that degrades proteins that are tagged with ubiquitin?

A

26S Proteosome

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8
Q

List the stages of apoptosis

A

1) Rounding up of the cell
2) Plasma membrane blebbing
3) Cytoplasm shrinkage
4) Alteration of membrane asymmetry
5) Condensation and fragmentation of the nucleus

Late stage: fragmented into apoptotic bodies that are eliminated by phagocytic cells without triggering inflammation

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9
Q

What is the action of RANKL?

A

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) is released by osteoblasts. It activates myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into osteoclasts that can digests bone structures, creating space for establishment of metastasis. Denosumab is a monoclonal Ab targeting RANKL, approved for treating patients with bone mets.

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10
Q

How many tumor cells necessary for 1g (1cm) of tumor (smallest clinically detectable mass)

A

1 x 10^9

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11
Q

What is the action of DNA methylation?

A

Covalent addition of a methyl group at position 5 of a cytosine (C) nucleotide (5mC), typically positioned close to a guanine residue (G), occuring mostly in CpG islands (regions dense in adjacent C and G nucleotides) found at the promoter region of genes. Typically results in gene-SILENCING.

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12
Q

What is the normal diffusion distance of oxygen from tumor blood vessels?

A

150 - 200 um

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13
Q

Name for the novel hedgehog pathway inhibitor?

A

Saridegib

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14
Q

What is the name of the most common HDAC inhibitor?

A

Vorinostat

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15
Q

What is the name of the most common PARP inhibitor?

A

Olaparib

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16
Q

What are the markers for Cancer Associated Fibroblasts?

A

a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1)/S100, neuron-glial antigen-2 (NG-2), PDGFR-B.