Tanaja's 5

Question 1

describe how deaths genes regulates apoptosis

Answer 1

Encode proteins that initiate and execute the cell death program

Pro-apoptotic
> triggers mitochondrial permealization
—–> which realses cytochrome C
—–> caspases to dismantle the cell

Anti-apoptotic

> Inhibits this process (prevents cell death)

key players:
pro-apoptotic: bax & bak
anti: BCl-2 & BCl-xl

Question 2

visual pathway from retina to primary visual cortex

Answer 2

1. retinal ganglion cells
2. optic nerve
3. optic chiasm
4. optic tract
5. lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus
6. superior colliculus
7. optic radiation
8. primary visual cortex

Question 3

structure, location, axon projection of olfactory receptor cells

Answer 3

location: are bipolar neurons located in olfactory epithelium
structure: have cilia cells that extend into mucus layer for odorant detection
axon projection: axons project to the olfactory bulb, where they synapse on mitral and tufted cells

Question 4

auditory pathway from cochlea to auditory cortex

Answer 4

1. cochlea
2. auditory nerve
3. cochlear nucleus
4. superior olivary complex
5. inferior colliculus
6. medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
7. auditory cortex

Question 5

3 areas included in the pyramidal system and describe each role in voluntary movement

Answer 5

primary motor cortex (V1): initiates voluntary movements
premotor cortex: involved in planning and coordinating movements
supplementary motor area (SMA): engaged in the preparation and organization of complex movements