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BBH203 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

structural description

A

refers to the physical description of a behavior, focusing on how a behavior is organized, its components, and how it looks

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2
Q

functional description

A

explains the purpose or role of the behavior, emphasizing the effects it has or the outcome it produces

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3
Q

dependent variable

A

measurable output of the brain or body

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4
Q

correlational relationship

A

when 2 variables change in a consistent pattern

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5
Q

behavioral variables

A

the measurable variable that is changed by changing another variable

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6
Q

causal relationship

A

when changing 1 variable causes a second variable to change

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7
Q

somatic variables

A

a structure of the body that can be manipulated

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8
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated

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9
Q

neuroplasticity

A
  • the brains ability to reorganize itself by reforming new neural connections
  • allows neurons to compensate for injury, adjust their activity in response to new experiences
  • adapt to changes in the environment
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10
Q

localization of functions

A

trying to identify which brain region is involved in a specific behavior

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11
Q

purpose of using different strains when processing brain tissue for microscopic evaluation?

A
  • highlight various components or structures of brain tissue
  • allows researchers to differentiate between types of cells
  • arrangement of cells
  • identify specific proteins or cellular processes under the microscope
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12
Q

what is the advantage of optical imaging over tissue sections used in microscope evaluation?

A
  • allows for non invasive observation of brain activity in the brain
  • involves placing electrodes on the scalp to measure voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain
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13
Q

what is the purpose of event related potentials (ERPs)?

A
  • measure brain responses that are directly related to specific cognitive, sensory or motor events
  • help the brain process particular stimuli
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14
Q

ventricular system function

A
  • a network of interconnected cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • cushions the brain, removes waste an provided nutrients
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15
Q

what produces cerebrospinal fluid

A

chorioid plexus

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16
Q

arterial system

A

supplies oxygen and nutrients through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries (connect in the circle of willis, ensuring consistent blood flow)

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17
Q

blood brain barrier

A

selective, semipermeable boundary that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood, while allowing essential molecules like oxygen and glucose to pass through

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18
Q

3 layers of meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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19
Q

dura mater

A

outermost, tough protector layer

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20
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer, web like structure that cushions the brain

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21
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer, adheres to brain surface and provides final protective barrier

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22
Q

cranial nerves

A

emerge directly from the brain (head and neck)

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23
Q

spinal nerves

A

emerge from the spinal cord (sensory and motor)

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24
Q

regulated by nerves from the thoracic and lumbar segments

A

sympathetic ANS

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25
Q

both pre and post ganglionic nerves are cholinergic

A

parasympathetic ANS

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26
Q

inhibits salivation and inhibits functions of the GI system

A

sympathetic ANS

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27
Q

dilates blood vessels in the skin and stimulates functions of the GI system

A

parasympathetic ANS

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28
Q

regulated by nerves from the cranial and coccygeal segments

A

parasympathetic ANS

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29
Q

accelerates heart and respiration

A

sympathetic ANS

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30
Q

post ganglionic nerves are noradrenergic

A

sympathetic ANS

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31
Q

prepares the body for optimal function in a dangerous situation

A

sympathetic ANS

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32
Q

central sulcus

A

a deep groove in the brain separating the frontal and parietal lobes

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33
Q

sylvian fissure

A

known as the lateral sulcus, it separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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34
Q

gray matter

A

contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses; involved in processing info

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35
Q

white matter

A

contain myelinated axons that facilitate the transmission of electrical signals between different brain regions

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36
Q

4 lobes of the cortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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37
Q

frontal lobe

A

involved in decision making, problem solving, and motor control

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38
Q

parietal lobe

A

processed sensory info like touch and spatial orientation

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39
Q

temporal lobe

A

responsible for auditory processing and memory

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40
Q

occipital lobe

A

primarily involved in visual processing

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41
Q

medulla (myelencephalon)

A

regulates breathing and descending axons pass through

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42
Q

thalamus (diencephalon)

A

nuclei that relays sensory information to the cortex

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43
Q

pons (metencephalon)

A

involved in sleep and arousal

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44
Q

cerebellum (metencephalon)

A

role in motor coordination and motor learning

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45
Q

hypothalamus (diencephalon)

A

regulates biological functions like hunger via hormones

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46
Q

superior colliculus (mesencephalon)

A

regulates visual attention and directs visual gaze

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47
Q

reticular formation (mesencephalon)

A

involved in arousal and contains cranial nerve nuclei

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48
Q

main features of the vertebrae nervous system

A

has specialized regions for sensory input, motor output, and cognitive processes, with protection from the skull and vertebral column

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49
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

composed of brain and spinal cord

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50
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

includes sensory and motor neurons connecting the CNS to the body

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51
Q

according to the neuron doctrine, the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct in what 3 ways?

A

structure, function, connections

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52
Q

parts of a neuron

A

dendrites: input zone (receives info)
cell body (soma): integration zone (processes input)
axon: conduction zone (transmits the electrical signal)
axon terminals: output zone (transmits info to other neurons)

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53
Q

types of glial cells

A

astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
schwann cells

54
Q

forms myelin in the central nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes

55
Q

repairs damaged areas of the brain

A

astrocytes

56
Q

provides structural supports for neurons

A

astrocytes

57
Q

remove debris from inured or dead neurons

A

microglia

58
Q

stores glucose for metabolic support of neurons

A

astrocytes

59
Q

forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

60
Q

modulate synaptic activity

A

astrocytes

61
Q

the immune system in the nervous system

A

microglia

62
Q

difference between anterograde and retrograde axonal transport

A

anterograde transport: movement of materials from the cell body to the axon terminals

retrograde transport: movement of materials from the axon terminal back to the body

63
Q

ion

A

– a charged particle
– cation: positively charged ions (Na+, K+)
– anions: negatively charged ions (Cl-)

64
Q

what are the characteristics of the neuronal membrane that contribute to the electrical properties of neurons

A

– contains ion channels and pumps that regulate the flow of ions
– selectively permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)

65
Q

resting membrane potential

A

– electrical charge difference across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is at rest, typically -70mV
– measured using micro electrode and maintained by sodium potassium pump

66
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the inside of the neuron becomes more negative than the resting potential, making it less likely to fire an action potential

67
Q

depolarization

A

when inside of the neuron becomes less negative, moving closer to threshold (–55mV)

if threshold is reached, triggers an action potential (a rapid strike in electrical activity)

68
Q

as action potentials propagate down the axon from the axon hillock, there is no “depolarizing” to threshold prior to the spike of the action potential. why?

A

– once the threshold is reached at the axon hillock, voltage gated sodium channels open (causes rapid influx of sodium ions)
– leads to a full action potential

69
Q

how myelin on axons increase the rate of conduction of action potentials to the axon terminals

A

– insulates the axon, allowing action potentials to jump from one node of ranvier to the next through saltatory conduction
– increasing the speed of signal transmission

70
Q

excitatory postsynpatic potentials (EPSPs)

A

make the post synaptic neurons more likely to fire an action potential by depolarizing the membrane

71
Q

inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSPs)

A

make the post synaptic neuron less likely to fire by hyper polarizing the membrane

72
Q

difference between neurochemistry and neuropharmacology

A

neurochemistry: focuses on the chemical composition and processes within the nervous system, including neurotransmitters, enzymes and receptors

neuropharmacology: studies how drugs affect the nervous system, particularly how they interact with neurotransmitters and receptors

73
Q

endogenous vs exogenous

A

endogenous: are naturally produced within the body

exogenous: are external substances, like drugs or toxins, that can blind to receptors

74
Q

affinity

A

the strength of interaction between an exogenous ligand and receptors

75
Q

competitive antagonist (exogenous ligand function)

A

blocks the receptor but does not cause any action

76
Q

agonist (exogenous ligand function)

A

mimics the effects of an endogenous ligand

77
Q

non competitive antagonist (exogenous ligand function)

A

binds to a different part of the receptor but still prevents function

78
Q

inverse agonist (exogenous ligand function)

A

causes the opposite effect of the agonist when it binds the receptor

79
Q

neuromodulator

A

refers to the regulation of neuron activity by substances that affect the strength of signaling without directly initiating an action potential

80
Q

false statements about neurotransmitters

A

the presynaptic neuron can release the substance at any time&raquo_space;> release occurs when triggered by action potential

81
Q

ionotropic vs. metabotropic receptors

A

ionotropic: directly open ion channels, leading to rapid effects

metabotropic: activate g-proteins, leading to slower, longer lasting effects by triggering intracellular signaling cascades

82
Q

ligand gated ion channels are not only involved in action potential propagation but also in synaptic transmission

A

false

83
Q

ionotropic receptors can cause EPSPs or IPSPs

A

true

84
Q

nicotinic receptors only respond to acetylcholine or similar substance, not other neurotransmitters

A

false

85
Q

g protein coupled receptors can affect ion channel indirectly

A

false

86
Q

g protein coupled receptors can activate pathways that lead to long term changes in neurons

A

false

87
Q

classify neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

amine

88
Q

classify neurotransmitter endorphins

A

neuropeptide

89
Q

classify neurotransmitter GABA

A

amino acid

90
Q

classify neurotransmitter serotonin

A

amine

91
Q

classify neurotransmitter glutamate

A

amino acids

92
Q

classify neurotransmitter norephinephrine

A

amine

93
Q

classify neurotransmitter oxytocin

A

neuropeptide

94
Q

a neuron can only release one type of neurotransmitter, some neurons release more than one neurotransmitter (co-transmission)

A

false

95
Q

neurotransmitters are synthesized from dietary precursors

A

true

96
Q

deterioration of the cholinergic system is linked to alzheimers

A

true

97
Q

the cholinergic system is more involved in attention and memory than emotion

A

false

98
Q

dopaminergic pathways are involved in reward and motor control

A

true

99
Q

dopaminergic receptors are metabotropic, not ionotropic

A

false

100
Q

glutamate and GABA are the primary excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

false

101
Q

the noradrenergic system modulates mood, arousal and sexual behavior

A

true

102
Q

the serotonergic system has a wide variety of receptor subtypes

A

true

103
Q

the cell bodies of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are located in specific brain areas

A

false

104
Q

glial cells with mGluR3 receptors help regulate synaptic transmission via glutamate

A

true

105
Q

acetycholine

A

cell bodies are located in the basal forebrain, projecting to the cerebral cortex; involved in attention and memory

106
Q

dopamine

A

cell bodies in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area; involved in motor control, reward, and motivation

107
Q

norephinephrine

A

cell bodies in the locus coeruleus, involved in arousal, alertness, and mood regulation

108
Q

serotonin

A

cell bodies in the raphe nuclei; involved in mood, sleep and emotional regulation

109
Q

glutamate

A

widespread throughout the brain; primary excitatory neurotransmitter

110
Q

GABA

A

widespread throughout the brain; primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

111
Q

receptor down regulation

A

decrease in receptors due t overexposure to an agonist

112
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

organs system metabolize drugs more effeciently

113
Q

neuromodulation

A

regulation by substances other than neurotransmitters

114
Q

functional tolerance

A

tolerance due to changes in tissue sensitivity

115
Q

receptor up regulation

A

increase in receptors after exposure to an antogonist

116
Q

routes of administration

A

different routes (oral, inhalation, injection) affect how quickly and efficiently a drug enters the blood stream and reaches the brain

117
Q

tolerance

A

– the body’s adaptions to a drug effectiveness
– types include: metabolic tolerance (faster drug metabolism) and functional tolerance (changes in receptor sensitivity)

118
Q

receptor up regulation and down regulation in withdrawal

A

up: increased receptors after chronic antagonist use may cause hypersensitivity when the drug is removed (withdrawal)

down: fewer receptors after chronic agonist use may cause reduced sensitivity, leading to withdrawal symptoms

119
Q

metabolic receptors process signals faster than ionotropic receptors
true or false

A

false

120
Q
A
121
Q
A
122
Q

the biggest contribution to the complexity of chemical communication is
a. the total number of neurotransmitters in the nervous system
b. the number of receptor subtypes for the different neurotransmitters
c. whether the neurotransmitter message is halted by enzymatic degradation or reuptake
d. all 3 contribute to the complexity of chemical communication

A

d. all three contribute to the complexity of a chemical communication

123
Q

what is the correct sequence of events that occurs once a neurons threshold for forming an action potential is reached?
a. potassium enters the neuron at the same time sodium leaves the neuron
b. sodium enters the neuron, followed by potassium leaving the neuron
c. potassium enters the neuron, followed by sodium leaving the neuron
d. sodium enters the neuron at the same time potassium leaves the neuron

A

b. sodium enters the neuron, followed by potassium leaving the neuron

124
Q

____ of EPSPs and IPSPs produced in the dendrites and cell body determines if an action potential will be initiated in the axon hillock

A

integration, summation

125
Q

which ion channel is responsible for initiating release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles?
a. voltage gated sodium (Na+)
b. passive potassium (K+)
c. voltage gated calium (Ca2+)
d. ligand gated sodium (Na+)

A

c. voltage gated calcium (Ca2+)

126
Q

which of the following statements about general organizations of the central nervous system is true
a. basic physiological functions (breathing) are regulated by the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon) and more complex functions (thoughts and emotions) are regulated by the hindbrain and midbrain
b. regulation of basic physiological functions (breathing) and complex functions are dispersed across the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
c. basic physiological functions (breathing) are regulated in the hindbrain and midbrain and more complex functions (thoughts and emotions) are regulated by the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon)

A

c. basic physiological functions (breathing) are regulated in the hindbrain and midbrain and more complex functions (thoughts and emotions) are regulated by the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon)

127
Q

which of the areas below is involved in processing emotion and learning?
a. basal ganglia
b. limbic system
c. hypothalamus
d. corpus callosum

A

b. limbic system

128
Q

from a functional perspective, which type of cells in the brain are the most important?
a. neurons
b. astrocytes
c. microglia
d. oligodendrocytes

A

a. neurons

129
Q

As a researcher, I want to determine the effect of amphetamine on memory. I inject some mice with amphetamine and some with saline before they learn to find a treat in a new maze. The following day I put them in the maze and see if they remember where the treat is in the maze. The independent variable in this experiment is
a. the mice
b. what kind of treat the mice have to find
c. memory measured by the mice remembering where to find the treat in the maze
d. whether the mice are dosed with amphetamine

A

d. whether the mice are dosed with amphetamine

130
Q

which technologies tell us about the activity of the brain?
a. CT and PET
b. PET and fMRI
c. CT and MRI
d. MRI and PET

A

b. PET and fMRI

131
Q
A

BBH203 (6 decks)

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