5 Short Answer

Question 1

Role of retinal cells: bipolar cells

Answer 1

Bipolar cells: connect photo receptors to ganglion cells integrating signals (contributing to the formation of on center/off-surround

Question 2

Role of retinal cells: horizontal cells

Answer 2

Provide later inhibition, enhancing

Contrast and refining the visual signal

Question 3

Role of retinal cells Ganglion cells:

Answer 3

Receive input from bipolar cells & send visual info to the brain coding the type of receptive field(on or off)

Question 4

Visual Pathways: Retina to primary visual cortex

Answer 4

Retinal Ganglion cells—>optic nerve—>optic chiasm—>optic tract—> lateral Geniculate Nucleus of thalamus—>optic radiation—> Primary Visual Cortex(V1)

Question 5

Olfactory receptor cells:

Answer 5

Location: olfactory epithelium
> They have cilia that extend into mucus layer for odorant detection

Axon projection:project to the olfactory bulb.
>synapse on mitral tufted cells

Question 6

Auditory pathway structures

Answer 6

Cochlea—> auditory Nerve—> Cochlear Nucleus(brainstem)—> superior Oliverary complex—>inferior colliculus—> Medial Geniculate Nucleus—> Auditoy cortex

Question 7

Cortex Areas in pyramidal system:

Answer 7

> primary Motor cortex(M1): initiates voluntary movements

> premotor cortex: involved in planning & coordinating movement

> Supplementary Motor Area(SMA): engaged in the prep & organization of complex movement

Question 8

Movement Disorders and Basal Ganglion:

Parkinsons:

Answer 8

characterized by tremors, rigidity and BradyKinesia due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, affecting movement initiation

Question 9

Movement Disorders and Basal Ganglion:

Huntington’s disease:

Answer 9

Involves involuntary movements(chorea) and cognitive decline resulting from degeneration of the striatum

–> imbalance of neurotransmitter systems–> loss of GABAergic neurons