Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Keep to the Beat Cardiac Cards > Take or Leave Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Take or Leave Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Path of Blood Flow to the Heart (Coronary Circulation)

340

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood flows through superior and inferior vena cavas to the right atrium.
  2. Blood then flows through the tricuspid or (AV) valve to the right ventricle.
  3. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve into the lungs.
  4. The newly oxygenated blood is sent from the lungs by the 4 pulmonary veins, back to the heart.
  5. This blood fills the left atrium and then travels through the bicuspid or (mitral) valve into the left ventricle.
  6. The left ventricle sends blood through the aortic semi-lunar valve into the aorta, which sends the blood through the body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Patho of Cardiac Conduction

340-341

A
  1. SA node (pacemaker of the heart) initiates each heartbeat by depolarizing 100 times per minute, at rest due to parasympathetic fibers at 75 bpm.
  2. If SA node is dysfunctional AV node takes over at 40-60 bpm
  3. If the AV node fails The Bundle of His generates ventricles at 20-35 bpm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

341

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in 1 minute. Average cardiac output 5-6 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

341

A

Amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction 60-80 ml/bpm. Its average resting rate is 75 bpm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Ejection Fraction?

341

A

The measure of Ventricle Efficiency is 55%-70% of total blood ejected inside the left ventricle with every beat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the Heart Hormones?

341

A

Epinephrine
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of epinephrine/ what does it do?

341

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations, increases heart rate, a force of contraction, and dilates blood vessels. This increases cardiac output & blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Function of Aldosterone/ what does it do?

341-342

A

Produced by the Adrenal cortex, regulates blood sodium & potassium, both needed for the heart’s electrical activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

342

A

Secreted by atria, it increases sodium excretion by kidneys and inhibits aldosterone secretion. By removing this sodium the BP and blood volume are lowered due to all the water being lost with the sodium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arteries vs Viens

342

A

Arteries (Away) carry blood away from the heart and to capillaries.
Viens (The van to the Heart) carry blood from capillaries to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood Pressure

343

A

Force of blood against blood vessels. Average BP 120/80.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Pulse Pressure?

344

A

Difference between systolic, and diastolic BP. Average ration 3:2:1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

345

A
  1. Low BP due to insufficient fluids, renal ischemia, and elevated urine sodium initiates the release of renin.
  2. The renin splits angiotensins produced by the liver into angiotensin 1.
  3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme from lungs, converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2.
  4. Angiotensin 2, then causes vasoconstriction, and releases aldosterone which causes sodium reabsorption, which increases blood volume, and finally BP!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Starlings Law

341

A

When exercise causes the venous return to stretch the myocardium making it contract more forcibly, resulting in increased stroke volume. This increases cardiac output by more than 4 times its resting level (even more so in athletes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aging of Cardiovascular System

345 (Box Gerontological Issues)

A
  1. Atherosclerosis (lipids collecting within arteries over a period of years).
  2. Clotts due to the Atherosclerosis
  3. Less efficient heart muscle (decrease in maximum cardiac output).
  4. Thickened valves causing heart murmurs
  5. Orthostatic Hypotension due to immobility, chronic illness, or meds.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

346 (Box Cultural Consids)

A
  1. Lifestyle
  2. Sedentary lifestyle
  3. Excess calories
  4. Smoking
  5. Being a United States Adult, particularly of Asian, African, or Mexican Ethnicity.
17
Q

Data Collection of BP

A

Reading in both done for comparison, the difference reported to HCP. The higher reading arm was used from then on. A larger BP cuff may be used on the leg, however, this will be 10 mm Hg higher than BP on arm.

18
Q

Data Collection Hx

347 (Box 21.1)

A
  1. Allergies (Med/diagnostic dyes?)
  2. Smoking history (a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease)
  3. Medications (possibly causing toxicity, or influencing symptoms)
  4. Pain, location, radiation, description (possible sign of angina, myocardial infarction, thrombus, embolism)
  5. Dyspnea (possible sign of Left HF, pulmonary edema, embolism)
  6. Fatigue (Decreased cardiac output)
  7. Palpitations (arrthymias)
  8. Dizziness (arrhythmias)
  9. Weight gain (Right-sided HF)
19
Q

Physical Exam Data

347 (Box 21.1)

A
  1. Vitals (assess for Bradycardia, Tachycardia, Hypotension, Hypertension, Tachypenia, Apnea, Shock)
  2. Heart Rhythm (Assess for Arrthymias)
  3. Edema (Right-sided HF)
  4. Jugular Distented Viens (Right-sided HF)
  5. Breath Sounds (Assess for crackles/wheezes may indicate left-sided HF)
  6. Cough Sputum (Assess for acute HF, DRY COUGH!, and PINK FROTHY SPUTUM).
20
Q

Subjective Data

347-348 (21.2)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Dyspnea
  3. Palpitations
  4. Fatigue
  5. Edema
  6. Paraesthesia
  7. Childhood Disease
  8. Risk Factors
  9. Family History
21
Q

Pulses

348

A

Auscultate for 1 min should be around 60-100 bpm

22
Q

Why do athletic people have slower heart rates?

348

A

The athlete’s well-conditioned heart pumps more efficiently causing a slower heart rate of around 50 bpm

23
Q

What does pink frothy sputum indicate?

349

A

Acute HF

24
Q

What does a dry cough indicate?

349

A

Lung congestion from HF

25
Q

Normal Capillary Refill

350

A

3 secs or less

26
Q

6 P’s of Vascular Disease

A
  1. Pain
  2. Paresthesia (decreased sensation)
  3. Pallor
  4. Pulselessness
  5. Paralysis
  6. Poikilothermia (assumes temp of the environment)
27
Q

S1, S2, S3, S4

A

S1- First sound “lub” (beginning of systolic) when AV or tricuspid valve closes
S2-Second sound “dub from aortic and pulmonary semi-lunar valve closure (beginning diastolic)
S3-Low pitched gallop sound heard in (early diastolic) is normal in children and young adults, in older adults could be a sign of fluid volume overload, mitral valve regurgitation, and left-sided heart failure.
S4-Low pitched gallop sound in late diastolic occurs in pulmonary stenosis, hypertension, or coronary artery disease.

28
Q

Murmur

A

A narrowed valve opening or incomplete valve closure that results in a soft or loud swishing sound.

29
Q

Pericardial Friction Rub

A

Inflammation of pericardium, due to the pericardial surfaces rubbing together. It can be soft or loud enough to hear without a stethoscope! Can occur after myocardial infarction or chest trauma

30
Q

Different Heart Dx Tests

A
  1. Arterial stiffness index
  2. Chest Radiograph X-ray
  3. Computed Tomography
  4. Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Angiography
  5. Electrocardiogram
  6. Echocardiogram
  7. Exercise Stress Test
  8. Nuclear Radioisotope Imaging
  9. Tilt Table Test
  10. Doppler Ultrasound
31
Q

Blood Studies

A
  1. Cardiac Troponin (Elevated)
  2. Creatinine Kinase (Elevated)
  3. Myoglobin (Elevated)
  4. C-Reactive Protein (Elevated)
  5. Homocysteine (Elevated)
  6. Lipids (Elevated)
  7. Magnesium (Low)
  8. Potassium (Elevated/Low)
32
Q

Invasive Studies

A
  1. Angiography
  2. Cardiac Catheter
  3. Hemodynamic Monitoring
  4. Electrophysiological Study
33
Q

Therapeutic Measures (Health & Lifestyle)

A
  1. Diet
  2. Exercise
  3. Smoking Cessation
  4. Antiembolism Devices
  5. Elastic Stockings
  6. Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices
  7. Oxygen!!!!
  8. Meds
  9. Cardiac Surgery

Keep to the Beat Cardiac Cards (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions