Take it! Chapter 24

Question 1

What is Ar(terio)schlerosis?

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Answer 1

Thickening, loss of elasticity, calcification of arterial walls. Due to aging, or high pressure against arterial walls

Question 2

What is Anthersclorosis?

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Answer 2

Plaque formation within the arteries occurs due to arterial wall damage that collects lipids, platelets, and clotting factors that form the plaques.

Question 3

Diet Question! Low Cholesterol Diet

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Answer 3

To reduce cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease:

1. Fruit, Veggies, Whole grain, Low-fat dairy, Poultry, Fish, Legumes, Non-tropical Veggies, Oils, Nuts
2. Avoid trans-fat
3. Reduce saturated fat
4. Limit sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages/products
5. Reduce sodium to 1,500 mg a day

F.D.A. Approved Cholesterol Reducers

1. Marine Omega-3 fatty acids (herring, mackerel, rainbow trout, salmon, sardines, swordfish, tuna)
2. Soluble Fiber (Kellogs bran-buds, barley, oatmeal).
3. Soy
4. Plant Sterols (found in butter, or margarine, juices, salad dressing, and soy milk) interfere with the intestines’ absorption of cholesterol.

Question 4

What is Angina?

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Answer 4

Chest pain is caused by ischemia, which is caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart resulting in tissue death.

Question 5

Why is an LDL particle number a good indicator of MI

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Answer 5

The LDL particle number tells you if Apolipoprotein B which is found in LDL is infiltrating and damaging the arterial wall.

Question 6

What are some risk factors for Atherosclerosis & CAD

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Answer 6

Nonmodifiable

1. Age (Men >50, Women after Menopause)
2. Ethnicity (African American)
3. Gender (CAD higher in men)
4. Genetics (Family Hx Hyperlipidemia)

Modifiable or Controllable

1. Diabetes Mellitus (hypertension, obesity, elevated blood lipids)
2. Hypertension (Vasoconstriction increasing oxygen demand)
3. Serum Cholesterol (Over 200 mg/dL)
4. ADL particle number & Apolipoprotein B (Infiltrates arterial wall causing damage)
5. Elevated serum homocysteine (Increase CAD, found in foods containing folic acid (fruits, green leafy veggies) reduce homocysteine).
6. Excessive Alcohol (Raises BP, increases triglycerides, causes irregular heartbeat)
7. Obesity (Increase heart workload=hypertension, diabetes, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia).
8. Sedentary Lifestyle (Increase obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia)
9. Emotional Stress (Increases workload & risk for hypertension)
10. Tabacco (Causes vasoconstriction increases oxygen demand, decreases HDL’s (don’t kill the joy!)

Question 7

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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Answer 7

When blood flow is blocked or (obstructed) within coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. This blood flow obstruction causes angina, MI, or sudden death if blood flow is not restored.

Question 8

What are the stages of Angina?

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Answer 8

Stable Angina: Occurs in a regular pattern usually relieved by resting

Unstable Angina: Unpredictable & Frequent, is not relieved by rest or meds, may cause Blood Clotts!!!! leading to a Heart Attack!!!!!!!

Vasospastic Angina: Caused by coronary artery spasms cyclical occurring around the same time each day, lasts longer than stable angina occurs with exercise, rest, and at night.

Microvascular Angina: Spasms in the little arteries of the heart resulting in microvascular angina, this pain is severe and lasts longer.