Tablets

Question 1

May be given as solids or liquids.

Answer 1

Oral Drugs

Question 2

 Is the most important method of administering drugs when systemic effect are desired.

Answer 2

Oral Route

Question 3

 Most natural
 Uncomplicated
 Convenient
 Safe means of administering drugs

Answer 3

Advantages of Oral Route

Question 4

 Slow drug response
 Chance of irregular absorption
 Depending upon such factors as
constitutional make-up
 The amount or type of food present within the GIT
 Destruction of certain drugs by the acid reaction of the stomach or by the GI enzymes

Answer 4

Disadvantages of Oral Route

Question 5

 Accurate dosage
 Easy shipping and handling
 Less shelf space needed per dose than for liquid
 No preservation requirements
 No taste-masking requirements
 Generally more stable than liquids
 Longer expiration dates

Answer 5

Advantages of Solid Dosage Forms

Question 6

 May be more effective that solid form
May be useful for patients who have
trouble swallowing solid dosage forms

Answer 6

Advantages of Liquid Dosage
Forms

Question 7

are solid dose pharmaceutical preparation containing drug substances usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients.
 They may vary in size, shape, weight, hardness, thickness, disintegration and dissolution characteristics and in other aspects, depending on their intended use and method of manufacture.

Answer 7

Tablets

Question 8

Are used in the oral administration of drugs.

Answer 8

Tablets

Question 9

constitute approximately 90% of all dosage forms clinically used to provide systemic administration of therapeutic agents.
 This widespread use of tablets has been achieved as a result of their convenience and also the diversity of tablet types.

Answer 9

Tablets

Question 10

 Simple to identify
 Easy to swallow
 Low manufacturing cost
 Easy package and ship
 Best suited to large-scale production
 Essentially tamper proof
 Lend themselves to special-release forms
 Precision and low-content variability of the unit dose
 Most suitable of all oral dosage forms

Answer 10

Advantages of tablets

Question 11

 Some drugs resist compression into tablets
 Some drugs may be difficult to formulate to provide adequate bioavailability
 Some drugs may require encapsulation or entrapment prior to compression

Answer 11

Disadvantages of tablets

Question 12

Types of tablets

Answer 12

Tablets for Oral Ingestion
Tablets used in the Oral Cavity
Tablets used to Prepare Solutions

Question 13

 Are designed to be swallowed intact (except of chewable tablets)
 They may be coated:
• Mask the drug’s taste, color, or odor
• Control drug release
• Protect the drug from the stomach’s acid
environment
• Improve appearance
• Incorporate another drug, providing sequential
release or avoiding incompatibilities

Answer 13

Tablets for Oral Ingestion

Question 14

Classes: Tablets for Oral Ingestion

Answer 14

AMCCCDFIRGS
• Air-Suspension coated
• Compressed
• Multiple compressed
• Chocolate-coated
• Chewable tablets
• Delayed-action and Enteric coated
• Film-coated
• Immediate-release tablets
• Repeat-action
• Gelatin-coated
• Sugar-coated

Question 15

 Are allowed to dissolve in the mouth

Answer 15

Tablets used in the Oral Cavity

Question 16

Classes of Tablets used in the Oral Cavity

Answer 16

BSR
• Buccal tablets
• Sublingual tablets
• Rapidly disintegrating/Dissolving tablets

Question 17

 Are dissolved in water prior to administration.

Answer 17

Tablets used to Prepare Solutions

Question 18

Tablets used to Prepare Solutions
Classes:

Answer 18

MEDTH

• Molded tablets
• Effervescent tablets
• Dispensing/Compounding tablets
• Tablet triturates
• Hypodermic tablets

Question 19

 Lozenges(Troches)
 Lollipops
 Cachets
 Pellets
 Pills
 Bolus tablets

Answer 19

Other Solid dosage forms for Oral Administration

Question 20

Classification of tablets

Answer 20

RMDD
Route of Administration
Method of Administration
Drug Delivery System
Dosage Form

Question 21

Design and formulation of tablets:

Answer 21

Characteristics of an ideal tablets
Excipients
Method of Manufacturing

Question 22

 They should be free of defects
 They should have the strength to
withstand the mechanical stresses of
production.
 They should be chemically and physically stable over time
 They should release the medicinal agents in a predictable and reproducible manner.

Answer 22

Characteristics of tablet

Question 23

Method of Manufactuing:

Answer 23

Compression and Molding

Question 24

are manufactured with
the tablet machines capable of exerting great pressure in compacting the powdered or granulated material.
 Their shape and dimensions are determined by the use of various shape punches and dies.
 Tablets are prepared primarily by _____with limited number prepared by molding.

Answer 24

Compressed tablets
Compression

Question 25

are prepared on a large scale by tablet machinery or on a small scale by manually forcing dampened powder material into a mold from which the formed tablet is then ejected and allowed to dry.  Regardless of the method of manufacturing, tablets for oral ingestion usually contain excipients.

Answer 25

Molded tablets

Question 26

 Are components added to the active ingredients that have special functions Diluents Disintegrants Artificial Sweeteners Binders and Adhesives Lubricants, Antiadherents and Glidants Colors and dyes Flavoring Agents Adsorbents

Answer 26

Excipients

Question 27

 Are fillers designed to make up the required bulk of the tablet when the drug dosage amount is inadequate.  This may also improve cohesion, permit use of direct compression or promote flow. o Kaolin o Lactose o Mannitol o Starch o Sucrose o Calcium phosphate

Answer 27

Diluents

Question 28

• Based partly on the experienced of the manufacture • Diluentscost • Compatibility with the other tablet ingredients

Answer 28

Selection of Diluents

Question 29

– cannot be employed as fillers for tetracycline products since calcium interferes with tetracycline absorption from the GIT.

Answer 29

• Ex: Calcium salts

Question 30

 Are materials added in either dry or liquid form to promote the granulation process or to promote cohesive during the direct compression process. Ex Corn starch Cellulose derivatives Glucose Gelatins Molasses Natural gums (Acacia) Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)

Answer 30

Binders and Adhesives

Question 31

Binders and Adhesives: Corn starch aqueous preparation

Answer 31

10%-20% aqueous preparation

Question 32

Binders and Adhesives: Glucose –

Answer 32

25%-50% solution

Question 33

Binders and Adhesives: Molasses

Answer 33

– 25%-50% solution

Question 34

should be variable in composition and usually contaminated with bacteria

Answer 34

Natural gums (Acacia)

Question 35

– commonly known as Povidone

Answer 35

Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)

Question 36

methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose

Answer 36

Cellulose derivatives

Question 37

 Are added to tablet formulation to facilitate tablet disintegration when in contacts with water in the GIT.  Appear to function by drawing into the tablet, swelling and causing tablet to burst.

Answer 37

Disintegrants

Question 38

o Corn and Potato starch o Starch derivatives – sodium starch glycolate o Cellulose derivatives – sodium carboxymethyl cellulose o Clays – veegum, bentonite o Cation exchange resins

Answer 38

Examples of disintegrants

Question 39

Are intended to reduce the friction during tablet ejection between the walls of the tablet and the walls of the die cavity in which the tablet was formed.

Answer 39

Lubricants

Question 40

Talc Magnesium stearate Calcium stearate

Answer 40

Examples of lubricants

Question 41

 Are intended to reduce sticking or adhesion of the tablet granulation or powder to the faces of the punches or to the die walls.

Answer 41

Antiadherents

Question 42

 Are use to promote the flow of the tablet granulation or powder materials by reducing friction among particles.

Answer 42

Glidants

Question 43

Serve to distinguish off color drugs, to provide product identification and to produce a more elegant product.

Answer 43

Colors

Question 44

 Are applied as solutions o FD & C – Food, Drug and Cosmetic dyes o D & C – Drug and Cosmetic dyes o Lakes – are usually employed as dry powder and are dyes that have been absorbed on a hydrous oxide.

Answer 44

Dyes

Question 45

 Are usually limited to chewable tablets or tablet intended to dissolve in the mouth.

Answer 45

Flavoring Agents

Question 46

flavors have poor stability

Answer 46

Water-soluble flavors

Question 47

flavors that are usually used.

Answer 47

Flavor-oils or Dry powders

Question 48

 Are also limited to chewable tablets or tablets intended to dissolve in the mouth.

Answer 48

Artificial Sweeteners

Question 49

o Lactose o Aspartame o Mannitol o Saccharin

Answer 49

Artificial Sweeteners

Question 50

sweetness may come from the diluents

Answer 50

Mannitol

Question 51

not stable in the presence of moisture

Answer 51

Aspartame

Question 52

has an unpleasant aftertaste

Answer 52

Saccharin

Question 53

 Are substances capable of holding quantities of fluid in an apparently dry state. o Magnesium oxide o Magnesium carbonate o Silicon dioxide o Bentonite

Answer 53

Adsorbents

Question 54

 Is the partial or complete separation of the top or bottom crowns of tablets from the main body.

Answer 54

Capping

Question 55

 Is the separation of a tablet into two or more distinct layers. Usually a result from air entrapment during processing.

Answer 55

Lamination

Question 56

 Is the removal of a tablet’s surface material by a punch.

Answer 56

Picking

Question 57

 Is the adhesion of tablet material to a die wall. May result from excessive moisture or substances with low melting temperatures in the formulation.

Answer 57

Sticking

Question 58

 Is an unequal color distribution on a tablet, with light or dark areas standing out on an otherwise uniform surface. May result from use of a drug with a color different from that of the tablet excipient or from a drug with colored degradation products. o Colorants may solve the problem, but may also create another problems.

Answer 58

mottling

Question 59

5 processing problems of tablets

Answer 59

Capping  Lamination Picking Sticking Mottling

Question 60

Tablets may be stored in places of _______, and protected from extremes in temperature

Answer 60

low humidity

Question 61

Products that are prone to decomposition by moisture generally are packaged with a _________

Answer 61

desiccant packet.

Question 62

Products that are adversely affected by light are packaged in _________.

Answer 62

light-resistant containers

Question 63

 With few exceptions, tablets that are properly stored will remain _______ for several years or more.

Answer 63

stable