Capsules

Question 1

Are solid dosage form in which the drug is enclosed in a hard or soft soluble container, usually in a form of gelatin. Most filled_________are intended to be swallowed whole.

Answer 1

Capsules

Question 2

Are solid dosage form in which one or more medicinal or inert substances are enclosed within a small gelatin shell.

Answer 2

Capsules

Question 3

The shells may be composed of two pieces, __________, or they may be composed of a________.

Answer 3

body and a cap
single piece

Question 4

Ex of Capsules

Answer 4

Examples: May be to contain and encapsulate: Powder/Granulate, Pellet mixtures, Paste, Capsule, Tablet

Question 5

– is obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen obtained from the skin, white connective tissue and bone of animals

Answer 5

USP Gelatin

Question 6

– are cast by dipping cold metallic molds or pins into gelatin solution maintain at a uniform temperature and an exact degree of fluidity.

Answer 6

Shells

Question 7

Types of Capsules

Answer 7

Hard Gelatin Capsules
Soft Gelatin Capsules

Question 8

*Referred to as two piece capsules.
*which contain dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets made by e.g. processes of extrusion or spheronization.

Answer 8

Hard Gelatin Capsules or Hard shelled capsules

Question 9

Capsules: These are made in two halves: a smaller-diameter “____” that is filled and then sealed using a larger-
diameter ______

Answer 9

.

Body
Cap

Question 10

SIZES
000–

Answer 10

1000mg(1g)

Question 11

00 –

Answer 11

600mg

Question 12

0 –

Answer 12

500mg

Question 13

1 –

Answer 13

300mg

Question 14

2 –

Answer 14

250mg

Question 15

3 –

Answer 15

200mg

Question 16

4 –

Answer 16

125mg

Question 17

5 –

Answer 17

60mg

Question 18

Empty Capsules
– Largest, ranges 600 mg (veterinary medicine)

Answer 18

000

Question 19

Empty Capsules

– Smallest, ranges 300 mg

Answer 19

5

Question 20

Used to encapsulate between 65mg and 1g of powdered material. (drug and diluents)

Answer 20

Hard Gelatin Capsules

Question 21

– Are added if the drug dose for a single capsule is inadequate to fill the capsule.

Answer 21

Lactose

Question 22

– Are added to facilitate the flow of the powder when automatic capsule filling machine is used.

Answer 22

Magnesium Stearate (less than 1%)

Question 23

– Are added to the formulation to enhance drug distribution.

Answer 23

Lithium Carbonate

Question 24

PREPARATION: Empty Hard Gelatin

Answer 24

 Mixtures of gelatin
 Colorants
 Titanium dioxide – opacifying agent  Sulfur dioxide (0.15%) – to prevent
decomposition

Question 25

PREPARATION: Filled Hard Capsules

Answer 25

 Preparing the formulation  Selecting the appropriate capsule  Filling the capsule shells  Cleaning and polishing and filled capsules

Question 26

Are usually filled by the Punch Method.  The powder is placed on paper and flattened with a spatula so that the layer of powder is no more than about 1/3 the length of the capsule.  The paper is held on the left hand, and the body of the capsule held on the right hand, is pressed repeatedly into the powder until the body is filled.  Then the cap is replaced and the capsule weighed.

Answer 26

Filling of Capsules

Question 27

– Does not lend itself well to the punch method. o Maybe poured into each capsule from the powder paper on which it was weighed.

Answer 27

Granular Material

Question 28

– Are materials consisting of a mass of filament-like crystals, will not fit into a capsule easily unless first powdered.  Must be cleaned and polished o Small scale: Individually or in small numbers by rubbing them on a clean gauze or cloth. o Large scale: Cleaning vacuum, that removes extraneous matter.

Answer 28

Crystalline Material (Quinine salts)

Question 29

 Tightly closed glass containers  Protected from dust and extreme of humidity and temperature.

Answer 29

STORAGE

Question 30

o Capsules may contain________, varying with the storage condition.

Answer 30

Capsules may contain 12% -16% water

Question 31

– brittle

Answer 31

Slow humidity

Question 32

– Flaccid and Shapeless

Answer 32

High temperature

Question 33

 Also referred to as one-piece capsules.  , primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.  May be to contain and encapsulate: Liquids, Suspensions, Pasty materials

Answer 33

Soft-shelled capsules or Soft gelatin Capsules

Question 34

SHAPES of Soft Gelatin capsules:

Answer 34

 Oblong  Elliptical  Spherical (oval or round)

Question 35

COMMERCIALLY PREPARED Soft gelatin Capsules

Answer 35

 Ethchlorovynol(Palcidyl)  Demeclocycline HCl (Declomycin)  Chlorotrianisene (TACE)  Chloral Hydrate ( Noctec)  Digoxin (Lanoxicaps)  Vitamin A and E

Question 36

Sof gelatin capsules, Are prepared from gelatin shells to which _________ has been added, rendering the shells elastic or plastic-like.

Answer 36

Glycerin or Polyhydric alcohol (Sorbitol)

Question 37

 To contain preservatives to prevent the growth of fungi.

Answer 37

o Methyl parabens o Propyl parabens o Sorbic acid

Question 38

Soft gelatin Capsule, Usually prepared by the _________using a Rotary or Reciprocating productive die.

Answer 38

Plate Process

Question 39

Both Hard and Soft Gelatin capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents:

Answer 39

 Animal Protein (mainly gelatin); or  Plant polysaccharides or their derivatives  Carrageenans, modified forms of starch and cellulose.  Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution including: o Plasticizers (glycerin or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness). o Coloring agents, Preservatives, Disintegrants, Lubricants, Surface treatment

Question 40

usually are enteric-coated tablets or capsules designed to pass through the stomach unaltered, later to release their medication within the intestinal tract.

Answer 40

Delayed-release products

Question 41

are designed to release their medication in a controlled manner, at a predetermined rate, duration and location to achieve and maintain optimum therapeutic blood levels of drug.  Tablets, Capsules, Injections, Vaginal inserts, Subdermal implants, Transdermal system.

Answer 41

Extended-release products

Question 42

 Use to describe dosage forms having drug release features based on time, course, and/or location which are designed to accomplish therapeutic or convenience objectives not offered by conventional or immediate-release forms.

Answer 42

Modified-release

Question 43

 One that allows a reduction in dosing frequency to that presented by a conventional dosage form.

Answer 43

Extended-release

Question 44

 Is designed to release the drug from the dosage form at a time other than promptly after administration. The delay may be time- based or based on the influenced of environmental conditions, as gastrointestinal pH.

Answer 44

Delayed-release

Question 45

 These forms usually contain two single doses of medication, one for immediate release and the second for delayed release.  Ex: Bilayered tablets

Answer 45

Repeat Action

Question 46

 Describes drug release directed toward isolating or concentrating a drug in a body region, tissue, or site for absorption or for drug action.

Answer 46

Targeted Release

Question 47

Drugs best suited for incorporation into an extended-release product:

Answer 47

 They exhibit neither very slow nor very fast rates of absorption and excretion.  They are uniformly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.  They are administered in relatively small doses.  They possess a good margin of safety.  They are used in the treatment of chronic rather than acute conditions.

Question 48

modified-release products provide either

Answer 48

delayed-release or extended-release of drugs.