Powders Flashcards by SATRA JULYHA HALIPA

Is a mixture of finely divided drugs or chemicals in a dry form for internal or external use.

Powders

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is a solid state fine dry bulk, composed of particle of varying shape, grain size, and flow properties.

Powder

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is preferred to overcome such problems in manufacturing technologies..

granular course size

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Are solid dosage form composed of dry aggregates of powder particles that may contain one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients. May be described as small, irregularly shaped, solid particles.

Granules

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is the science of small particles.

Micromeritics

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USP standards for powders of Animal and Vegetable drugs
Type of Powders:

8 - Very Course

#20 - Coarse
#40 - Moderately Course
#60 - Fine
#80- Very Fine

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USP standards for powders of Animal and Vegetable drugs
# 8- very course
Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

Sieve Size
all particles pass through:#20 sieve

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:20% through #60 sieve

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USP standards for powders of Animal and Vegetable drugs
#20-Course
Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

Sieve Size
all particles pass through: #20 sieve

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:40% through #60 sieve

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USP standards for powders of Animal and Vegetable drugs
#40 - Moderately Course

Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

40 sieve

40% through #80 sieve

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USP standards for powders of Animal and Vegetable drugs
#60 - Fine
Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

60 sieve

40% through #100sieve

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USP standards for powders of Animal and Vegetable drugs
#80-VeryFine
Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

80sieve

No Limit

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USP standards for powders of Chemicals
type of powders:

20 - Coarse

#40 - Moderately Course
#60 - Fine
#120 - Very Fine

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USP standards for powders of Chemicals
#20-Coarse
Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

20 sieve

40% through #40 sieve

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USP standards for powders of Chemicals
#40-Moderately course
Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

40 sieve

60% through #60 sieve

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USP standards for powders of Chemicals
#60- fine
Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

80 sieve

No Limit

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USP standards for powders of Chemicals
#120- Very fine
Sieve Size
all particles pass through:

Sieve Size Percentage particles pass through:

120 sieve

No limit

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Is the mechanical process of reducing the particle size of solids before incorporation into a final product.

Comminution of Powders

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Comminution of Powders
TECHNIQUES: Large Scale

 Rotary Cutter
 Roller Mill
 Hammer Mill
 Fluid Energy Mill

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Comminution of Powders
TECHNIQUES: Small Scale

 Trituration
Pulverization by Intervention
 Levigation

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Methods:Blending of Powders

Spatulation
Sifting
Trituration
Tumbling
Geometric Dilution

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 Sheet of paper or pill tile
 Not suitable for large quantities
 Commonly used for incorporation into ointments
 Forming Eutectic mixtures

Spatulation

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Substances Forming Eutectic Mixtures

• Phenol
• Phenacetin
• Phenylsalicylate
• Aspirin
• Camphor
• Menthol
• Thymol

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Diluents (to diminish contact)

• LightMagnesiumOxide/Magnesium Carbonate
• Starch
• Bentonite
• Kaolin

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 Most commonly used method
 Grinding – mortar and pestle
 Used both to comminute and mixing of powders
Procelain/Wedgwood mortar – communition is desired
 Glass Mortar - chemicals

Trituration

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 Potent substances mixed with large amount of diluents.

Geometric Dilution

 Sifter/Sifter flour  Not acceptable for incorporation of potent drugs into a diluent base.

Sifting

 Motorized process  Large-volume powders mixers  Large-scale manufacture of powders

Tumbling

Bulk Powders Containers:

 Perforated/Sifter Can  Aerosol Container  Wide-Mouthed glass and Pasteboard Jar

Bulk Powders Containers: – for external dusting

 Perforated/Sifter Can

Bulk Powders Containers: -for spraying onto the skin

Aerosol Container

Bulk Powders Containers: – permits easy removal of a spoonful of powder

 Wide-Mouthed glass and Pasteboard Jar

Bulk Powders Powders Commonly Dispensed in Bulk Form:

 Medicated and Non-medicated Powders  Antacids and Laxative Powders  Douche Powders  Dentifrices/Dental Cleaning Powders  Insufflations

Are generally dispensed in bulk powdered form, those intended for external use should bear a label indicating this.

Bulk Powders Non-Potent Substances

Hygroscopic/Deliquescent/Volatile Powders

• Packed in glass jars • Amber/Green glass • Stored in tightly closed containers

 Are dispensed in the form individual doses, generally folded papers (Chartulae), however, they may also dispensed in: o Metal foil o Small heat-sealed plastic bags o Other containers

Divided Powders

 After weighing, comminuting and mixing the ingredients, the powders must be accurately divided into the prescribed number of doses. Depending upon the potency of the drug substances, the pharmacist decides whether to weigh each portion separately before packaging or to approximately portions by the block-and-divide method.

Divided Powders

Depending upon the potency of the drug substances, the pharmacist decides whether to weigh each portion separately before packaging or to approximately portions by the__________

block-and-divide method

:can be protected best in waxed paper, double wrapped with a bond paper to improve the appearance. :Parchment and Glassine papers are of limited use for these drugs.

Divided Powders *Hygroscopic and Volatile Drugs

:Are dispensed in folded inside a parchment or bondpaper. :May be of any convenient size that fits the required dose.

Divided Powders Powders Papers

Divided Powders Types of Powder Papers:

o Vegetable Parchment o Glassine o White Bond o Waxed paper

Special problems:

*Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Substances *Eutectic Mixtures *Volatile substances *Oral Powders *Liquids

 Camphor, menthol  May be lost by volatilization after incorporation into powders  This process is prevented or retarded by the use of heat-sealed plastic bags or by double wrapping with waxed or glassine paper inside white bond paper

Volatile Substances

 Maybe incorporated into divided powders in small amounts  Magnesium Carbonate, Starch or Lactose may be added to increase the absorbability of the powders by increasing surface area.  When the liquid is a solvent for a non-volatile heat-stable compound, it may be evaporated gently in a water bath. Some fluidextracts and tinctures may be treated in this wa

Liquids

may be added to increase the absorbability of the powders by increasing surface area.

Magnesium Carbonate, Starch or Lactose

When the liquid is a solvent for a non-volatile heat-stable compound, it may be evaporated gently in a water bath. Some ____________may be treated in this way.

fluidextracts and tinctures

 May become moist because of an affinity for moisture in the air. May be prepared as divided powders by adding inert diluents.  Double-wrapping is desirable for further protection.

Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Substances

mixtures that melt at lower temperature than any of the ingredients.

Eutectic Mixtures

Classification of powders:

Oral Powders Dentifrices Douche Powders Dusting Powders Insufflations Triturations

 Are generally supplied as finely divided powders or as effervescent granules.  Finely divided powders are intended to be suspended or dissolved in water or mixed with soft food prior to administration. Effervescent powders in solution in water releases carbon dioxide which makes for the taste of salty or bitter medication.

Oral Powders

 May be prepared in the form of a bulk powder generally containing soap or detergent, mild abrasive and an anticariogenic agent.

Dentifrices

 Are soluble powders intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptic or cleansing agent for a body cavity  Commonly intended for vaginal use.  May be formulated for nasal, otic, or ophthalmic use.

Douche Powders

 Are locally applied non-toxic preparations that are intended to have no systemic action.  Are applied to various parts of the body as: o Lubricants o Protectives o Absorbents o Antiseptic o Antipruritics o Astringents o Antiperspirants

Dusting Powders

Are finely divided powders introduced into the body cavities such as the ears, nose, throat, tooth sockets and vagina with the use of an insufflator (powder blower)

Insufflations

Are dilutions of potent powdered drugs prepared by intimately mixing them with a suitable diluent in 1:10 diluents

Triturations

 Flexibility of compounding  Good chemical stability  Rapid dispersion of ingredients

Advantages

 Time consuming preparation  Inaccuracy of dose  Unsuitability for many unpleasant tasting, hygroscopic and deliquescent drugs.

Disadvantages

– semi-opaque moisture resistant paper

Vegetable Parchment

– opaque paper with no moisture-resistant properties

White Bond

– glazed, transparent moisture- resistant paper

Glassine

– transparent waterproof paper

Waxed paper