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Separate Chemistry > T7: Haloalkanes > Flashcards

T7: Haloalkanes Flashcards

1
Q

how are haloalkanes formed

A

by reacting an alkane with a halogen

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2
Q

name of the mechanism of how haloalkanes are formed

A

free-radical substitution

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3
Q

one essential condition for free-radical substitution

A

UV light

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4
Q

why is UV light essential for free-radical substitution

A

provides energy required to break the halogen-halogen bond and start the reaction

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5
Q

free radical definition

A

a species with an unpaired electron

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6
Q

3 stages of free-radical substitution

A

Initiation
Propagation 1
Propagation 2
Termination

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7
Q

initiation (reaction between methane and chlorine)

A

Cl2 -> 2Cl·

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8
Q

propagation 1 (reaction between methane and chlorine)

A

Cl· + CH4 -> ·CH3 + HCl

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9
Q

propagation 2 (reaction between methane and chlorine)

A

·CH3 + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl·

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10
Q

how many possibilities are there in the termination stage

A

3

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11
Q

termination (reaction between methane and chlorine)

A

·CH3 + ·CH3 -> C2H6
·Cl + ·Cl -> Cl2
·CH3 + ·Cl -> CH3Cl

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12
Q

description of termination

A

2 free radicals combine

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13
Q

name of the mechanism when another halogen molecule reacts again by free-radical substitution

A

further substitution

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14
Q

initiation (reaction between chloromethane and chlorine)

A

Cl2 -> 2Cl·

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15
Q

propagation 1 (reaction between chloromethane and chlorine)

A

Cl· + CH3Cl -> ·CH2Cl + HCl

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16
Q

propagation 2 (reaction between chloromethane and chlorine)

A

·CH2Cl + Cl2 -> CH2Cl2 + Cl·

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17
Q

termination (reaction between chloromethane and chlorine)

A

·CH2Cl + ·CH2Cl -> C2H4Cl2
·Cl + ·Cl -> Cl2
·CH2Cl + ·Cl -> CH2Cl2

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18
Q

to reduce the amount of further substitution you would

A

use excess haloalkane

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19
Q

what are curly arrows used to show

A

show the movement of a pair of electrons

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20
Q

rules for curly arrows -> must start from:

A
  • a lone pair of electrons
  • covalent bond
21
Q

rules for curly arrows -> must go to:

A
  • partially positive / positive atom
  • somewhere a bond is being formed
22
Q

nucleophile definition

A

electron pair donor

23
Q

3 different nucleophiles that react with haloalkanes

A

:OH-
:C-N
:NH3

24
Q

what do substitution reactions always involve

A

one group / atom replacing another group / atom in a molecule

25
nucleophilic substitution by OH- ions -> reagent?
NaOH or KOH
26
nucleophilic substitution by OH- ions -> conditions?
Aqueous solvent
27
nucleophilic substitution by OH- ions -> type of product?
alcohol
28
nucleophilic substitution by OH- ions -> what is the nucleophile in this reaction?
OH-
29
nucleophilic substitution by OH- ions -> this reaction is a substitution reaction because...?
OH substitutes for Br
30
nucleophilic substitution by OH- ions -> overall reaction?
CH3CH2Br + NaOH -> CH3CH2OH + NaBr
31
nucleophilic substitution by C-N ions -> reagent?
KCN
32
nucleophilic substitution by C-N ions -> conditions?
Aqueous + ethanol solvent
33
nucleophilic substitution by C-N ions -> type of product?
Nitrile
34
nucleophilic substitution by C-N ions -> what is the nucleophile in this reaction?
C-N
35
nucleophilic substitution by C-N ions -> this reaction is a substitution reaction because...?
CN swapping for Br
36
nucleophilic substitution by C-N ions -> overall reaction?
CH3CH2Br + KCN -> CH3CH2CN + KBr
37
nucleophilic substitution by NH3 ions -> reagent?
excess ammonia
38
nucleophilic substitution by NH3 ions -> conditions?
ethanol solvent, heat and pressure
39
nucleophilic substitution by NH3 ions -> type of product?
amine
40
nucleophilic substitution by NH3 ions -> what is the nucleophile in this reaction?
:NH3
41
nucleophilic substitution by NH3 ions -> this reaction is a substitution reaction because...?
a Br atom has been swapped for an NH2 group
42
nucleophilic substitution by NH3 ions -> overall reaction(s)?
C2H5Br + NH3 -> C2H5NH2 + HBr C2H5Br + 2NH3 -> C2H5NH2 + NH4Br
43
elimination -> reagent?
NaOH or KOH
44
elimination -> conditions?
Ethanolic solvent (alcoholic)
45
elimination -> type of product?
alkene
46
elimination -> in this reaction the OH- ion acts as a...?
base (proton acceptor)
47
elimination -> this reaction is a elimination reaction because...?
A H atom and a Br atom have been removed from the reactant molecule
48
elimination -> overall reaction?
CH3CHBrCH3 + NaOH -> CH2=CHCH3 + NaBr + H2O

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