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Chemistry > T6 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

T6 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

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2
Q

Alkanes

A

Most basic type of organic molecule. The general formula for one is CₙH₂ₙ₋₂.

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3
Q

Alkenes

A

Similar to alkanes except have a double carbon bond.

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4
Q

Alcohol

A

Has a single carbon bond, also has a OH bonded to a carbon.

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5
Q

Name all 7 types of reactions

A

Polymerisation, Addition, Hydrolysis, Substitution, Reduction, Oxidation and Eliminations

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6
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

Joining smaller monomers together to form a very long chain

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7
Q

What is addition?

A

Joining molecules together to form longer ones

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8
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Splitting a molecule into 2 using a OH anion or H cation from a water molecule

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9
Q

What is substitution?

A

Replacing one atom with another on a molecule

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10
Q

What is reduction?

A

When a species gains electrons in a reaction

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11
Q

What is oxidation?

A

When a species loses electrons in a reaction

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12
Q

What is elimination?

A

Some atoms break away from a larger molecule

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13
Q

What is a chemical mechanism?

A

Showing the movement of electrons during a chemical reaction

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14
Q

What is radical substitution?

A

Used in reacting halogens to alkanes to make halogenoalkanes

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15
Q

What is electrophilic addition?

A

Used in adding halogens and hydrogen halides to alkenes to make halogenoalkanes

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomers

A
  1. Chain, 2. Positional, 3. Functional group
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17
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

The same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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18
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton

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19
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton

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20
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different functional group

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21
Q

What are the two types of bond fission?

A

Homolytic and heterolytic

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22
Q

What is bond fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond

23
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When the covalent bond breaks the 2 electrons are distributed unequally all to one element to from a cation and an anion. A double headed arrow shows the movement of a pair of electrons.

24
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When the covalent bond breaks the pair of electrons in the bond are shared equally to form 2 uncharged radicals. 2 one-headed arrow is used to show movement of electrons. The dot on the element means there is an unpaired electron on the atom

25
Q

What are the 3 stages of free radical chain reactions

A

Initiation, Propagation, Termination

26
Q

Name some of the substances found in crude oil that can be fractionally distilled.

A

Diesel Oil, Fuel Oil, Kerosine, Gas, Petrol, Bitumen

27
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking?

A

Thermal cracking and catalytic cracking

28
Q

What is cracking and why do we do it?

A

Cracking is breaking long chain alkanes into shorter hydrocarbons. We do it because heavier fractions (long alkanes) are in low demand and lighter fractions like petrol are higher demand therefore more valuble.

29
Q

What are the conditions needed for thermal cracking?

A

1000 degrees celcius and 70atm of pressure

30
Q

What are the main products from thermal cracking?

A

Alkenes

31
Q

What are the conditions needed for catalytic cracking?

A

450 degrees celcius and slight pressure, and a zeolite catalyst to help lower the temperature needed

32
Q

Why are zeolite catalysts used in catalytic cracking?

A

It lowers the temperatures and pressure needed for cracking to occur, which lowers cost and speeds up the process

33
Q

What are the products of catalytic cracking?

A

Mainly aromatic hydrocarbons, that are useful for fuels for vechiles

34
Q

What is produced during the complete combustion of alkanes with plentiful oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and Water

35
Q

What is produced during the incomplete combustion of alkanes with limited oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide and water

36
Q

What is produced during the incomplete combustion of alkanes with very limited oxygen?

A

Carbon (soot) and water

37
Q

Why is carbon monoxide bad and how can we remove it?

A

Carbon monoxide is poisonous as it bonds to haemoglobin in the blood instead of oxygen bonding, which disables the blood from delivering oxygen around the body and heart. We can remove it with a catalytic converter.

38
Q

Why is soot bad?

A

It can get into the lungs and cause breathing problems or lung cancer, make buildings dirty and can clog up engines

39
Q

Acid rain

A

Burning fossil fuels can release sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen which contribute to acid rain

40
Q

What can acid rain do?

A

Acid rain can cause damage to plants, kill fish and cause erosion of buildings

41
Q

How does acid rain form from sulfur based impurities?

A

Some fossil fuels can contain sulfur based impurities, so when burned is released into the air and reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is an acidic gas, which then reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid which falls as acid rain

42
Q

How does acid rain form from nitrogen?

A

Oxides of nitrogen are produced when nitrogen and and oxygen from the air are heated in the engine and react. The oxides of nitrogen then dissolve in the water in the atmosphere to form nitric acid which falls as acid rain

43
Q

Where are catalytic converters found and what do they do?

A

Catalytic converters are found mainly in vehicles and help to reduce the amount of unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen going into the atmosphere

44
Q

Why do people tend to try steal catalytic converters?

A

They contain expensive metals like platinum, rhodium and iridium metals

45
Q

What gases do catalytic converter convert and what are then converted into?

A

Harmful gases : Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons
Less harmful gases: Water vapour, nitrogen and carbon dioxide

46
Q

Name 3 biofuels

A

Bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas

47
Q

How is bioethanol made?

A

Sugar from sugar cane is fermented to produced alcohols (ethanol) which can be used as a renewable fuel

48
Q

How is biodiesel made?

A

Made from refining oils and fats

49
Q

How is biogas made?

A

Make from break down of organic matter

50
Q

Advantages of biofuels?

A
  • Biofuels are renewable so they are a more sustainable than crude oil
  • Biofuels produce carbon dioxide when they are burnt however they are classed as carbon neutral as the carbon dioxide is absorbed by the plants when its growing
51
Q

Disadvantages of biofuels?

A
  • Expensive to convert existing petrol engines to take fuels with a higher concentration of ethanol
  • Land that could have been used to grow food is being used to make fuel. This could cause food shortages in countries that grow sugar cane
52
Q

Why are alkenes fairly reactive?

A

Double bonds have a high electron density and this makes alkenes fairly reactive

53
Q

Why is there restricted rotation in alkenes?

A

The carbons first bond is the sigma bond (which contains 2 electrons), and also has 2 sigma bonds between 2 hydrogens, leaving one delocalised electron in the p orbital. These p orbitals overlap, so the delocalised electrons can then be found in pi cloud of electron density. Since a p orbital is dumbbell shaped, there are pi clouds on either side, so it cannot rotate.

54
Q
A

Chemistry (5 decks)

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