T4: Respiratory System Flashcards
what are the 4 requirements for respirations
thin membrane (minimise distance) moist surface (speed) large SA (speed) blood supply (speed)
why do respiratory and digestive share common pathway (pharynx)
week 4= bud forms off foregut
- bud= trachea
- behind bud= pharynx
by what week is the embryological lungs anatomically correct
8 weeks
what are the two structural regions of the system
upper tract= respiratory organs of head and neck
lower tract= respiratory organs in thorax
what are the two functional zones of the system
conducting= passage that conducts air respiratory= gas exchange regions
3 nasal conchae and their function
superior, middle, inferior increase SA that air passes over (covered in respiratory mucosa= 1. cleans (hairs + cilia) 2. warms (blood sinusoids) 3. moistens (glands, goblet cells)
what does hard and soft palate allow
separates nasal nd oral
allows nasal to develop specialisations
process food while breathing
difference in tissue type b/w parts of pharynx
naso= air only // psuedostrat column (goblet, cilia) oro/laryngo= stratified squamous (abrasion)
types of cartilage on larynx/trachae
epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid, tracheal
two protective mechanism prevent food from entering layrnxy
epliglottis
glottis=
function of trachea rings
prevent collapse during inhaliation
function for tracheal muscle
allows expansion of oesophagus
lobes of L R lungs
L=2
R=3
Main bronchi to alveoli pathway
main/segmented bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > aleovlie
tissue type of main bronchi > bronchiole
cil psueod column
- cart
- smooth muscle
tissue type of terminal bornchioles
simple cuboidal- no cartilage
tissue type of respiratory bronchioles
simple squamous
- little muscle
tissue type alveoli duct > alveoli
simple squam
- no smooth muscle
what segment are the no more mucus glands/goblet cells
terminal bronchi
function + parts of mucociliary escalator
ciliated pseudo columnar + goblet cells = remove debris
- goblet cells= mucus= traps particles
- cilia= beat upwards towards phayrnx
where do lungs receive blood from )2 part)
pulmonary arteries - body physiology bronchial arteries (lung physiology
two types of alveolus cells
squamous (gas exchange) great alveolar (surfactant)
what does surfactant do
prevent walls of alvar collapsing
why are macrophages in alveolar
no mucosa escalator
function of pluera
compartmentalisation, reduce friction, create pressure gradient
what is tidal breathing
tidal= quiet
2 types of forced breathing
inspiratory reserve
expiratory reserve
what is residual volume
amount allows in lungs
surrounded by plauera membrane attached to chest wall // alway have volume
formula for vital capacity
tidal + inspitaryt res + expired reserve
boyles law
pressure inversely prop to volume
function of pleural fluid
prevents friction
lungs stick to chest // when chest moves so do lungs
nerve effecting diaphragm + inter movement
phrenic
accessory muscles during forced inspo and expo
inspo= arch back + elevate ribs (incr thoracic volume) expo= push admoninal muscle superior= reduce volume
charles law
volume= prop to temp
neural control of respiratory system
ANS
- broncho dilation/constriction
neural control of breathing
- 3 respiratory centres in brainstem
2. voluntary
3 respiratory centres
Ventral respir group
dorsal respir group
pontine respir group
what does VRG do
I neutrons and E neutrons alternate
I neutrons = dia contract
E neurons= inhibit I = relaxation
what does DRG do
affect speed + depth
- receive input
what does PRG do
speed + depth
- receive input higher brain functions
3 places respiratory centres receive info from
- peripheral (carotid + aortic) = gloss + vagus nerve > DRG
- Iritant + stretch = vagus > DRS
- central chemo = pH changes in CSP
CO2 > Carbonic acid formula
co2 + h2o= h2co3 = hco3 + h
what centre does voluntary control of breathing skip
brainstem
= motor cortex > corticospinal tract
what allows alveolar gas exchange
membrane thickness
membrane SA
pressure grad
henrys law
amount of gas diisvoled in water= partial air pressure + solubility
even tho O2 has more pressure gradient to enter lungs, what makes CO2 move out at same rate
Co2 more soluble // evens out higher pressure grad of oxygen
what does ventilation perfusion coupling do
stimulated local vasoconstriction
role of muscle types in respiratory system
smooth= airway diameter skeletal= ventilation cardiac= deoxy blood to lungs
